Cervical Cancer: Gynecologic Carcinoma

Cervical cancer is when there are malignant cells present in the cervix; it is developed in the lining of the cervix. A cervix is a narrow opening located at the bottom of the uterus that leads into the vagina. Cervical cancer mostly affects women between the ages of 40 and 55. This cancer can be prevented by screening for precancerous cells, and it can also be cured if it is detected at an early stage. Over the past few decades the number of cervical cancer cases has declined dramatically due to a more widespread screening of the disease. Today, it is estimated that 10,000 new

Cervical cancer is caused by the uncontrollable growth of cells in the cervix, the lower part of the uterus that opens into the vagina. Some signs of cervical cancer are abnormal bleeding in the vagina (between menstrual cycles, after sex, and after menopause), pain in the lower belly, pain during sex, and abnormal vaginal discharge.

Almost all cervical carcinomas are caused by Human papillomavirus (HPV). Cervical cancer can be a life-threating disease. However, over recent years the occurrence of cervical cancer has declined as well as the chance of dying from it. A huge contributing factor to this decline is the importance of a regular pap smear. A pap smear can find cervical pre-cancer before it turns into cancer. Recently, a vaccine for HPV, has been on the market, which provides close to a 100% protection against pre-cancer and general warts. HPV and cervical cancer are two disease that are closely related. However, each disease effects not only similar populations, but also different populations, as well as having its own signs and symptoms, detection procedures,

Cervical Cancer affects around 34000 women every year around the UK (Bupa UK, 2013). Cervical Cancer is a result of the mutation of the DNA caused by the by the Human papillomavirus (HPV), (NHS, 2013).

Cervical Cancer is the second most common cancer for women yet it is the most common cancer of the reproductive system. According to the CDC in 2010 11,818 women in the United States were diagnosed with cervical cancer and 3,939 women in the United States died from cervical cancer. The most common type is squamous cell carcinoma. Human papilloma virus, otherwise known as HPV, is known to cause cervical abnormalities and has been linked to cervical cancer.

Cervical cancer is the leading cause of cancerous death, in women, since 1950. Approximately 200,000 cervical cancer patients die each year in developing countries. Strains like HPV 16 and 18 cause about 70% of cervical cancer in women– one of the top causes of death in the world (WebMD, 2010, p.1). In the Unites States, about 10,000 women acquire the disease and 3,700 die annually Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is directly associated as a cause of cervical cancer. This virus affects the skin and genital area and, in some cases, it can also infect the throat and mouth. Since the HPV is passed from one person to another through skin-to-skin or sexual contact, sexually active people are more prone to this virus. Merck

Did you know there is more of a link between cervical cancer and HPV than smoking and lung cancer? Cervical cancer is currently the fourth most common cancer in women and the second leading cause of death from cancer in women. Along with those statistics, human papillomavirus is the most common sexually transmitted viral disease amongst men and women worldwide. The prevalence of women having a strain of HPV that ultimately leads to or increases the chance of cervical cancer is highly relatable. What is pathophysiology, signs, symptoms, prevention, and treatments of this ailment? You might ask will be covered in the next few pages of this paper.

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a double -stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) virus that only infects humans with an attraction to both cutaneous and mucosal surfaces such as the cervix, anus, tonsil, and oropharynx (Clark, 2013). HPV is a type of oncogenic virus that goes into the cells and can cause several diseases. Over the years, research has surfaced connecting genital HPV to several types of cancer. There are over a hundred strains of HPV but the most high risk strains, 16 and 18, have been shown to cause vulvar, vaginal, anal, and the most concerning, cervical cancer (Chan, Ng, & Wong, 2012). Genital HPV

Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is a double stranded DNA virus. There are many genotypes HPV and some of them are oncogenic. They have envelope proteins E6 and E7 on their cell wall which are associated to initiate cancer. Anogenital lesions associated to HPV are divided into ‘low-risk’ types (6, 11, 34, 40, 42, and 43) and ‘high risk’ types (16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 68, 69, 73, and 82). Most of the low risk HPV infections are asymptomatic and are not fatal, however infection to high risk HPV such as type 16 and 18 may cause cervical, anal, vaginal, vulvar and penile cancer (Centre of Disease Control, 2012). Low risk HPV generally cause warts on the skin surface which rarely develop into malignancy. Type 16 and 18 both were originally isolated from cervical carcinomas of human body. More than 70% of human cervical is due to the infection of either HPV 16 or 18. According to CDC, in 2008 it was estimated 11,070 cases of cervical cancer in United States and about 3,870 deaths due to cervical cancer. Higher percentage of HPV persistent infection occurs by HPV-16 and the risk of getting cervical cancer due the progression of disease is higher for HPV 16 and 18 and 45 (Tino F. Schwarz, 2008).

Cervical cancer has a major impact on women’s lives; it is the second most common cause of cancer-related diseases and death among women worldwide. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2010), cervical cancer is the cancer that forms in tissues of the cervix. The cervix is the lower, narrow end of the uterus that connects the vagina to the upper part of the uterus. Cervical cancer is a slow-growing cancer that may not cause any symptoms at first but may cause pelvic pain or bleeding from the vagina later. It is mostly caused by a human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. HPV is a common virus that is passed from one person to another during sexual activity (Center for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2010).

Is a cancer arising from the cervix it's due to the abnormal growth cell that have ability to invade or spread to another. cervix cancer does not have any alternate names .what causes cervix cancer is human papillomavirus infection having too many sexual partners , smoking , taking birth control pills , and engaging in early sexual contact . hpv infections may cause cervical dysplasia or abnormal growth of cervical cells .

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia caused by HPV can clear without treatment, but the rate of clearance varies according to the severity of the lesion; high-grade lesions have a greater rate of progression to cervical cancer (Blackman). Sixty percent of CIN 1 lesions are likely to regress spontaneously, 10% are likely to progress to CIN 3, and only 1% is likely to progress to invasive cancer. For CIN 3, these numbers are quite different: approximately one third of these lesions are likely to regress, and the rate of progression to cervical cancer is greater than 12% if left

Although there are several known risk factors for getting cervical cancer, no one knows exactly why one woman gets it and another doesn't. One of the most important risk factors for cervical cancer is infection with a virus called HPV (human papillomavirus). HPV is a sexually transmitted disease that is incredibly common in the population, one study showed that 43% of college age women were infected in a 3-year period. HPV is the virus that causes genital warts, but having genital warts doesn't necessarily mean you are going to get cervical cancer. There are different subtypes, or strains, of HPV. Only certain subtypes are likely to cause cervical cancer, and the subtypes that cause warts are unlikely to cause a cancer. Often, infection with HPV causes no symptoms at all, until a woman develops a pre-cancerous lesion mostly of the cervix. Because infection with a STD is a risk factor for cervical cancer, any risk factors for developing STD are also risk factors for developing cervical cancer. Women who have had many or several male sexual partners, having sexual intercourse at an early age, or have had male sexual partners who are considered high risk (meaning that they have had several sexual partners and/or began having sexual intercourse at an early age) are at higher risks for developing Cervical

Cervical cancer is one type of cancer happening from the cervix due to abnormal growth of cells. There are many reasons to cause cervical cancer. One of them is that the abnormal cells from other parts of body are able to invade or spread to the cervix and cause the abnormal growth. Unfortunately, in early stage, typically no symptoms are seen, and later symptoms may include abnormal vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain, or pain during sexual intercourse. What’s more, when bleeding after sex, it also may indicate the presence of cervical cancer.7

Cervical cancer incidence in the United States has decreased dramatically since the development of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine in 2006. The vaccine, in combination with regular cervical cytological screenings (Pap tests), has since rendered cervical cancer preventable (1,2). However, worldwide cervical cancer incidence and mortality rates remain high, with 528,000 new cases and 266,000 deaths reported in 2012 (3). Critical barriers to progress in cervical cancer research and therapeutic development are evident: most people with HPV infections do not develop cervical cancer (4), and not all cervical cancers are HPV-induced (5,6). Moreover, not all causes of cervical cancer are known (7), and