Commercialization Of The IVF Industry Case Review

Artificial insemination is a method of reproduction that allows beef producers to use bulls that have superior genetics at an affordable price. Many producers of purebred and commercial beef cattle profitably use artificial insemination in their cow herds and utilize artificial insemination to control traits such as calving ease, milk production, and feed efficiency. Take my family for example; every year we sync our show heifers’ estrus cycles together and artificially inseminate them. Artificial insemination allows us to pick sound, purebred bulls with low birth weights, something that is ideal for our show heifers. A successful artificial insemination program requires attention to detail, and timing is crucial. Both a sound health

Reproductive cloning is similar to IVF because it also brings embryo into existence. This potential infertility treatment involves the creation of embryo using the genetic material of the parent. This is done by extracting nucleus from the person’s somatic cell and transfer into an oocyte through somatic cell nuclear transfer. Thus, the processed oocyte

Only twenty years ago, embryo freezing (cryopreservation) was considered a technique that raised “disturbing,” “extremely difficult,” “incredibly complex,” and even “nightmarish” ethical issues. Currently, however, at least 41 of the 169 infertility clinics in the United States have begun to implement in vitro fertilization protocols (IVF) (Freemann et al., 1986). The number of frozen embryos in this country nearly tripled, from 289 to 824, between 1985 and 1986 (Van Steirteghem and Van Den Abbel, 1988). An estimated ten infants in the U.S. and sixty in the world were born as of 1988 after having been frozen as embryos. The government and professional advisory groups have endorsed embryo

This is possible during genomic selection and embryo transfer because we can scan and evaluate the DNA of both the individuals to be bred together and also the embryos created so that we can look for deformities and undesirable traits. These individuals or embryos will then be eliminated from the reproduction process. This is advantageous because even if the dairy cow offspring produced has all of the desirable traits of being a dairy cow (e.g. large udder, high quality milk) but also has a disease, they will die before being able to be biologically successful and pass on their desirable genes. Therefore, this is a positive implication for the health of the

The majority of the process of keeping an embryo alive for an extended period of time is the same as in-vitro fertilization. “One day after retrieval (Day 1), the embryologist begins their day with the assessment of fertilization and by separating out the normally fertilized eggs. Cell division or cleavage will occur after the intermingling of the chromosomes overnight. By Day 2, normally dividing embryos should have four cells. Embryos will be further assessed on Days 2 and 3 for transfer or placement into more advanced blastocyst growth media until day 5 or 6”(AZFertility). However, in order to continue the growth, once the embryos are placed into the culture, they are placed into incubator. The majority of the difficulty is keeping the embryo alive within the

embryos that are destined to be discarded in the course of IVF procedures and making them

The first child born through in vitro fertilization was born in 1978. Despite the amount of time that has passed from then to now, in vitro is still very much experimental. Although there has been improvement in the probability that the patient will bear a child since the end of 1980 where in a study only 5.4% of cases were successful (Bernholz, 1984), going through the process of in vitro fertilization still does not guarantee a child. In the beginning stages where in vitro fertilization was fairly new, there was some push back, especially morally. Many thought that it was wrong for scientists to “play God” and create life. As with anything else, the times have changes and so have many people’s opinions. Although nearly impossible for all people to agree on one topic, the use of in vitro fertilization has become more widely accepted for patients who deal with infertility issues.

The most limiting factor in artificial insemination programs is the proper detection of cows or heifers in estrus. Estrus, or heat, is the period of time that occurs every 18-24 days in a sexually mature, non-pregnant female, when they are receptive to being mounted by bulls or other cows. In order to make sure your heifer is pregnant after you AI them, you have to check to make sure they don’t come into heat again. Most cattle breeders tell this by knowing the signs of heat or by using an heat detection patch. When a female is in estrus she will stand and bellow, smell other cows, attempt to mount other cows, and her vulva will be moist, slightly red and swollen she may also have some clear mucus discharge. If the heifer comes back into heat after Artificially inseminating, she is not

The process of IVF involves mixing the woman’s egg and the man’s sperm outside of the woman’s body, usually in a petri dish. Invitro fertilisation literally means ‘fertilisation in glassware’. If the fertilisation is successful, the formed embryo is transferred to

Artificial insemination, was developed as solution to the many problems faced by the cattle/dairy industry. Problems such as the need for genetic improvement and

Good embryos were determined by those who had developed to the early morula stage or beyond, and they were considered bad embryo’s if they had not reached that stage. 70% of the ewes had between 5 to 9 follicles per day. The ewes in the lower performing group had fewer oocytes, good quality embryos, and corpora lutea when comparing them to the higher performing group. It was concluded that ewes in more than 8 follicles at the start of the estrous cycle had a better superovulatory response (higher quality embryo and more corpora lutea) than the ewes with fewer follicles. Although, the number of follicles had no influence on the ratio of good quality embryos per ewe. This finding seems to show the opposite of what has been found in cattle (Ward et al.,

Embryo transfer is rapidly growing and changing in the equine industry. They utilize fresh embryos more frequently than frozen embryos. Freezing and storing embryos is a great advancement in the industry. It opens possibilities to obtain more embryos throughout the year form on specific mare. Along with collecting embryos from a mare who hasn’t proven herself in the show pen but they have high hopes for her. There are two types of cryopreservation referred to in this article, and they are fast freezing and slow freezing. They are both successful, but fast freezing is less time consuming and more economical.

Genetics in cattle is responsible for several aspects including the look, soundness, build, and quality of meat. Naturally the most effective way to improve the quality of heard is to focus on genetics. The ways of improving genetics include selecting what bull to put with the heard, artificial insemination, traditional embryo transfer, and in-vitro fertilization. Research was conducted on all these process to prove that IVF is a practical method of improving genetics and a sound investment. The conclusion shows that IFV is a practical method and a sound investment. However, traditional embryo transfer is more effective and less expensive than IVF.

“The unexamined life is not worth living.” With these words, Socrates stated the creed of reflective men and women and set the task for ethics: to seek, with the help of reason, a consistent and defensible approach to life and its moral dilemmas (Walters 22). Ethical inquiry is important to us when we are unsure of the direction in which we are heading. “New philosophy calls all in doubt,” wrote John Donne in the wake of the Copernican Revolution and of Charles I’s violent death, suggesting that new thoughts had challenged old practices (Donne). Today, new practices in the biomedical sciences are challenging old thoughts: “New medicine calls all in doubt” (Walters 22).

It is common for the semen of 2-3 bulls to be used to ensure at least one quality sample to produce a pregnancy. In the instance that multiple donors are used, parentage is confirmed via DNA analysis. Most frequently, nonsurgical insemination is performed. This method calls for a trained and accommodating elephant as a large bore cannula is inserted into the lower urogenital tract. A 3m endoscope is inserted through the cannula and conducted to the hymen in first time mothers and the cervix or uterine horn of a cow that has calved. A small insemination cannula is used to deposit semen into the vagina, threaded through the hymen in nulliparous cows. In parous cows the semen may be deposited further into the uterus.14 Surgical insemination