Compare And Contrast Glucoprivation And Of Manifestations Of Emotional Stress

In Prospero 's case in Masque of the Red Death Prince Prospero, was faced with the threat of survival, surviving the Red Death, a plague sweeping his kingdom killing all it comes into contact with. To produce the fight-or-flight response, the hypothalamus activates two systems: the sympathetic nervous system and the adrenal-cortical system. The sympathetic nervous system uses nerve pathways to initiate reactions in the body, and the adrenal-cortical system uses the bloodstream. The combined effects of these two systems are the fight-or-flight response.When the hypothalamus tells the sympathetic nervous system to kick into gear, the overall effect is that the body speeds up, tenses up and becomes generally very alert. If there 's a burglar at the door, you 're going to have to take action fast. The sympathetic nervous system sends out impulses to glands and smooth muscles and tells the adrenal medulla to release epinephrine and norepinephrine into the bloodstream. These "stress hormones" cause several changes in the body, including an increase in heart rate and blood pressure.At the same time, the hypothalamus releases corticotropin-releasing factor into the pituitary gland, activating the adrenal-cortical system. The pituitary gland secretes the hormone ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone). ACTH moves through the bloodstream and ultimately arrives at the adrenal cortex, where it activates the release of approximately thirty different

Alpha- adrenergic are receptors that generally stimulate the sympathetic nervous system. The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for flight or flight response, which includes, mobilizing energy, dilating the pupils, diverting blood flow from organs to the skeletal muscle, and increasing the heart rate. The alpha-adrenergic receptor make the heart beat faster causing the blood vessels to constrict. This combination can lead to high blood pressure. The more stress we intake, the more our bodies go into this risky

The adrenal gland is the endocrine gland that is activated when one is surprised or experience fear. This adrenal gland is located at the top of the kidneys. The fear hormones known as epinephrine circulates through the bloodstream to all cells of your body ("Fear: Body Alert!" 2013). The effects of adrenaline which is also called epinephrine is similar to the effects of the sympathetic nerve action. These glands increase blood flow to the brain and muscles in defense of the flight or fight response (Griggs, 2014, p.

Baroreceptors activate the sympathetic nervous system, with an increase in heart rate and blood pressure and vasoconstriction, causing beta receptor downregulation, and further increased adrenergic tone with pathological activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system (Johnson, 2014). Angiotensin II releases catecholamine and stimulates renin release, which raises tone and pressure on the heart, and leads to aldosterone secretion, also increasing the pressure load on the heart; water and sodium retention through the presence of vasopressin and aldosterone add to preload (Johnson, 2014). This model is used to explain the compensatory mechanisms employed to maintain cardiac reserve, the ability of the heart to respond to increased needs; additional neurohormonal changes involve natriuretic peptides, atrial natriuretic peptide, brain natriuretic peptide and endothelin 1 (Johnson, 2014; Porth,

The adrenal medulla is stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system to release norepinephrane and epinephrine in response to stress.

There are numerous neurological changes occurring in our body as a response to fear. Specifically, two pathways are activated: the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic- pituitary- adrenal pathway. In a similar way, both pathways commence by receiving messages from the hypothalamus, an area of the brain responsible for many functions in the body, such as activating the autonomic nervous system, controlling different organs, and managing physiological functions. If the hypothalamus emits messages that we are facing a threatening situation, it will release different chemicals to either the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic- pituitary- adrenal pathway. This sympathetic nervous system are “nerve fibers of the autonomic

To confirm this finding Phentolamine, which block adrenergic receptors, was added to the organ bath. After 10 minutes, once the Phentolamine was in equilibrium with the solution, the nerve was stimulated again. Comparing figure 1 and 5, it can be concluded, that the nerves being stimulated could not cause change in contraction of the muscle in the presence of Phentolamine. Thus, the nerve being stimulated must be releasing noradrenaline. Noradrenaline, released by sympathetic nerve causes decrease in motility, by inhibiting muscle contraction (Widmaier et al.,

Chapter 6 covers the fundamentals of stress disorders. After reading this chapter discussing the fight and flight response, psychological stress disorders and physical stress disorders, I have a better concept of this subject itself. Our fight and flight response is trigger by our hypothalamus, which sends off neurons and chemical for our mind and bodies to react. As discussed in class, the autonomic nervous system control the involuntary activities like heartbeat and breathing. The sympathetic nervous system is aroused when we face danger (THE FIGHT). For example, the sympathetic nervous system makes our heart beat faster when we are scared. The parasympathetic nervous system (THE FLIGHT) help make us calm, like regulating our heartbeats.

Under conditions of stress, the nervous system, via the SAM (sympathetic-adrenal-medullary) and HPA (hypothalamic-anterior pituitary-adrenal cortex) systems, produces neurotransmitters and hormones (such as cortisol and catecholamines) that bind to receptors on immune system cells;

There are three different theories that are used when talking about how we react to stress through the physiological aspect or the psychological aspect. The first is part of the physiological aspect of stress called the Cannon Fight or Flight theory which was proposed in 1914. Fight or Flight response is a physiological stress response that evolved to help organisms to survive immediate danger. The theory states that when an organism, human being or animal, faces imminent danger (acute stressor) the body arouses quickly and is ready to act via two different systems. They are the sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system. The sympathetic nervous system stimulates the adrenal medulla which is part of the endocrine system and is the region that produces the hormones such as adrenaline and noradrenaline. These hormones increase heart rate, blood flow, and glucose levels to prepare the body for an emergency. This response from the body suggests that the body knows how to protect itself and reach homeostasis. These two systems work together to either fight against the danger or flight away from the danger. Lord, King and Pfister in 1976 studied the Fight or Flight response in animals through a very unethical study. They administered chemicals on male hooded Wistar rats which inhibited the neurotransmitters from functioning normally. This made it very difficult for the rats to escape an electric shock. The results of the study suggest that the Flight or Fight response

After a stressful event, the levels of hormones ACTH (adrenocorticotrophin) and CRH (corticotropin) increase, making a rise in cortisol levels. When there is inadequate or excess amounts or cortisol present, a negative feedback system functions on the hypothalamus and pituitary gland which then alerts these areas to reduce the amount of ACTH and CRH to help reduce cortisol secretion till there is an adequate level

Long-term alterations in the secretion include a glutocorticoid hormones cortisol via the hypothalamus pituitary adrenal access personal play crucial role in mediating the link between chronic stress exposure and ability to variety of diseases. (Stalder et al. 2012) Some of the biological consequences of such arousal were first identified by Selye (1956) as the General Adaptation Syndrome. Selye noted t h a t a principal characteristic of this response is an elevation in cortisol level. As a result of this early work and of more recent laboratory-based research, cortisol is now often regarded a s a "stress hormone" and as an objective marker of stress (Baum et al., 1982). (Pollard 1995)Registering for stressors cognitive affective states

The fight or flight response is a complex response that affects a great deal of the body. Initially, a signal travels to the brain, to which the amygdala responds. The amygdala sends a nerve impulse to the hypothalamus, which sends a chemical signal to the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland then releases a hormone that travels to the adrenal gland, along with the nerve impulse from the hypothalamus. Within the adrenal gland, the impulse initiates the release of epinephrine and adrenaline, which affect various cell types. Inside the adrenal gland, the adrenal cells are affected by the presence of the hormone and activate the G protein complex. This complex stimulates adenylate cyclase, which converts ATP into cAMP. cAMP activates the protein Kinase A, or PKA, which releases catalytic subunits. These subunits travel to the mitochondrial membrane and activate the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein. This protein mediates importing cholesterol into the mitochondria, which uses enzymes to convert the cholesterol into 17-OH-pregnenolone. The pregnenolone is then released to the endoplasmic reticulum,

However, they difference in their actions are catecholamines have different outcomes on the heart, blood vessels, kidney, liver. Are the opposite, effects such as increasing/decreasing glucose levels or increasing/ decreasing heart rate or constricting/dilating blood vessels. Cortisol, has the most effect on blood glucose, increasing it so its available for the body to use during stressful periods. Cortisol also has other actions on white blood cells, water metabolism, and has been shown to be necessary for catecholamines to exert their full

Stress has a huge impact on the immune system. The immune system is interconnected. For example the immune, nervous, and endocrine system is linked through specialized communication pathways involving hormones, neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and immune cell productions. Stress reactions can directly affect the various response systems and how they handle the neuroendocrine-products. This stress reaction directly affects the hypothalamus and pituitary peptides through the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system. Some of these stressors might be life events, anxiety, and excitements.