Comparison Between Rapid Diagnostic Tests ( Rdt ) And Light Microscopy Of Plasmodium Species

Brian, G, Y., Greenwood, D, A., Fidock, Dennis, E, K., Stefan, H, I. Kappe, P., Alonso, L., Frank, H and Collins, P (2008) “Malaria progress and prospects for eradication.” Journal Clinical Investiment. 118: 1266-1276.

Malaria is a disease that affects nearly 600 million people and causes more than a million deaths a year, the most coming from children under five. This disease is regularly found in more than 100 countries around the world and affects 40% of the world’s population. It is most commonly transmitted by an infected Anopheles mosquito. The most deadly form of malaria is known as Plasmodium falciparum because almost all deaths from malaria are caused by this specific one. Some of the symptoms that are affiliated with this strand of malaria are the destruction of red blood cells along with complications with the kidneys, lungs, and brain. In more serious cases, it can cause permanent neurological effects and even death. As the Nobel Assembly said at the announcement of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, “Diseases caused by parasites have plagued humankind for a millennium and constitute a major global health problem. In particular, parasitic diseases affect the world’s poorest populations and represent a huge barrier to improving human health and wellbeing”. Youyou Tu, one of the winners of the prize, discovered Artemisinin, “a drug that has significantly reduced the mortality rates for patients suffering from malaria by killing the malaria parasites an early stage of their development.”

The symptoms vary because patients are diagnosed with having either uncomplicated or severe malaria. This is due to the fact that different kinds of malaria range in severity. For instance, ,P. falciparum and P. knowlesi infections can cause rapidly progressive severe illness and lead to death death while the other species, P. malariae, P. vivax, or P. ovale are less likely to cause such severe manifestations. Furthermore, P. vivax and P. ovale infections also require treatment for the hypnozoite forms that remain dormant in the liver and can cause a relapsing infection. Finally, P. falciparum and P. vivax species have varying drug resistance patterns in different geographic regions. For P. falciparum and P. knowlesi infections, the urgent initiation of appropriate therapy is especially

There have been many attempts at preventing malaria, none of which have been very successful. These have usually involved protecting human beings from mosquitoes, the dreaded carriers

Prior to D3, I was unaware malaria was a neglected disease. After learning about the magnanimous effect malaria has on the global populous and the new strain of artemisinin resistant Plasmodium falciparum I was motivated to conduct my senior seminar on artemisinin, the current antimalarial drug. My presentation was well received by the UMM chemistry faculty and led to an opportunity to research plausible mechanisms by which artemisinin leads to the death of Plasmodium falciparum under Professor Joseph

"About Malaria." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC, n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2015. .

Around 300-600 million people suffer from malaria each year, and over one million people die from this disease every year, mostly children younger than five. This disease is endemic to over 100 countries in Africa, Asia, Latin America, the Middle East, and the South Pacific, almost 40% of the world population. Malaria is caused by a parasite that is transferred by the bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito. The most deadly form of malaria is known as Plasmodium falciparum because almost all deaths from malaria are caused by this specific one. In addition to being the deadliest form of malaria, Plasmodium falciparum destroys red blood cells along with causing complications with the kidneys, lungs, and brain. In more serious cases, it can cause permanent neurological effects, and even death. As the Nobel Assembly said at the announcement of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, “Diseases caused by parasites have plagued humankind for a millennia and constitute a major global health problem. In particular, parasitic diseases affect the world’s poorest populations and represent a huge barrier to improving human health and wellbeing”. Youyou Tu, one of the winners of the prize, discovered Artemisinin, a drug that has significantly reduced the mortality rates for patients suffering from malaria by killing the malaria parasites an early stage of their development.

According to the health and environment, Malaria is a universal contagious disease and also a tremendous social complication all around the world, especially in South Asia, and Africa. Approximately, 3 billion of the community are in danger of infection in 109 regions. Every year, there is a prediction of 250 million compacts of miasm prominent to 1 million annihilations, particularly adolescents under 5 years old. The structure that causes the greatest unhealthy form of paludism is a imperceptible parasite that is known as the “Plasmodium falciparum”.

Malaria is a disease of humans that is caused by the protozoa Plasmodium species and is transferred through the bite of infected female anopheles mosquito. The various species that cause infection in man include Plasmodium (P.) falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae and P. knowlesi. The symptoms of malaria include but not limited to cold, elevated temperature, tiredness, general body weakness, and muscle pains. Symptoms show within 28 days after a bite by the female anopheles mosquito, but in case of P. vivax, relapse could still occur up to five years after the initial infection (Walker and Colledge 2014). Various antimalarial medications are

Malaria is an important disease threatening people around the world, existing in all six World Health Organization (WHO) regions (World Health Organization [WHO], 2014). Relatively, the other distribution of this disease covering more than 100 countries in the tropical and subtropical climate region (Cullen & Arguin, 2014). According to WHO (2014), in 2013 there were at least 198 million cases of malaria that occurred globally around the world (estimate range between 124-283 million cases). Additionally, the disease lead to the high rate of death, the uncertainty range was between 367,000-755,000, and the average was about 584,000 deaths in 2013 (WHO, 2014). The estimated 90% of all the deaths caused by malaria are found in the Africa Region, and compared to the other regions, Africa is the highest risk region for malaria (WHO, 2014). WHO (2014) reported, among people of all ages, children under age 5 constitute the largest population of malaria mortalities, having 78% of all deaths. Pregnant women are also the most affected by malaria, for about 20% of low birthweight babies, stillbirth and maternal deaths are present due to malaria infections during pregnancy in endemic areas (WHO, 2014).

Malaria is a Vector borne disease that affects millions of people every year. It is responsible for over 600,000 deaths yearly. It has the highest infection rate in countries in Africa, this is due to the climate and health practices. It is carried to humans primarily through mosquitos who transfer between people when they bite them. In this way, the mosquito is the transport between two humans for the disease. The disease is transferred through blood and continues to the liver where it enters liver cells. From there it is put back into the blood in larger numbers and is carried around the body to hijack and shut down many different systems and functions. In this way it involves almost every system in the body. The

Malaria is one of the most severe public health problems worldwide. It is a leading cause of death and disease in many developing countries, where young children and pregnant women are the groups most affected. According to the World Health Organization’s World Malaria Report 2013 and the Global Malaria Action Plan , 3.4 billion people (half the world’s population) live in areas at risk of malaria transmission in 106 countries and territories. In 2012, malaria caused an estimated 207 million clinical

This makes it even harder to control the global spread of malaria, and more money and efforts are needed to spend on malaria prevention and limitation. Other factors, like insecticide resistance and environment changes are responsible for increasing tough situations as well[2.9,12,14]. This wakes up the industrial and academic interest worldwide, and in the last five years, increasing amount of funding and research topics are assigned to develop antimalarial drugs and vaccine.

Combined malaria histidine rich protein 2 (HRP2)/ Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are often used to determine whether persons with fever should be treated with anti-malarials. The observation study carried out in Rwanda on 9226 from April 2014- April 2015 to compare the sensitivity of RDTs based on HRP2 and the Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase

A prospective cross-sectional hospital-based study of 125 adult falciparum malaria patients using simple, direct, standardized questionnaire including history, lab investigations and neurological examination from January to December 2014.