Coronary Angiography Studies

The following summary is an updated case study of a 47 year old male patient, Jim who was diagnosed with Coronary Artery Disease. The patient did receive information on what CAD is and was informed that test were needed to fully diagnose and be evaluated for underlying conditions (high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol levels, diabetes and blockage. I will discuss the type of test needed for this condition and tests for any underlying conditions that are related to this disease. The type of treatment needed to control and lower his risk factor. I will also give the patient information about complementary and alternative medicine so the patient will be well informed about different types of treatment. The patient will be informed about the prognosis of the disease, and the options that the patient has to succeed in the changes in his lifestyle that are needed.

Coronary Artery Disease, also known as CAD, is the most common form of heart disease. (Heart and Stroke Foundation, 2009) Coronary Artery Disease obstructs the blood flow in vessels that provides blood to the heart which is caused by the buildup of plaque on the artery walls. (Rogers, 2011, p.87) (Heart and Stroke Foundation, 2009) Plaque is a yellow substance that consists of fat substances, like cholesterol, and narrows or clogs the arteries which prevents blood flow. (Heart and Stroke Foundation, 2009) Plaque can build up in any artery but usually favors large and medium sized arteries. (Heart and Stroke Foundation, 2009)

Resistance in the heart could lead to problems in blood pumping to the entire body. In order to identify how much coronary plaque is present in the walls of the artery, Computed Tomographic (CT) scans are used to help find the calcium score. The calcium score can be arranged from 0 to 100, and is measured through the Agatston score.1, 4 There have been many researches and follow ups of patients who were at risk for CHD or atherosclerosis and were labeled with a calcium score. It was found that Individuals with a CAC score of 100 or more had an incidence density of 22.4 deaths per 100 people observed for 12.5 years.4 Any CAC in early adult life (younger than 50), even in those with very low scores, indicates significant risk of having and possibly

The coronary artery that was occluded in M.T.’s coronary circulation were the right coronary artery. When coronary blood flow is interrupted for an extended period, myocyte necrosis occurs. This results in MI. In the majority of MI, the decrease in coronary flow is the result of atherosclerotic CAD (McCance & Huether, 2014). M.T. is experiencing transmural MI. According to H. Michael Bolooki (2010), a transmural MI is characterized by ischemic necrosis of the full thickness of the affected muscle segment(s), extending from the endocardium through the myocardium to the epicardium. M.T. was exhibiting crushing substernal chest pain radiating down his left arm. He was complaining of dizziness and nausea. During M.T.’s physical exam, he

One of the patient’s secondary diagnoses is atherosclerotic heart disease of native coronary artery without angina pectoris. He had a heart valve replacement in 2011. Atherosclerosis is a disease in which plaque made of fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances builds up inside the arteries. This is an issue because the plaque hardens over time and narrows the arteries, which then limits the flow of oxygenated blood to vital tissues. This condition can lead to heart attacks, strokes, and death. Coronary artery atherosclerosis is the single largest killer of both men and women in the United States (Boudi, 2016). The patient’s atherosclerosis is located in the coronary artery. This artery is one of two main blood vessels that branch off

With the time the hardening of the arteries cause fibrous tissue and calcification, the calcification makes the diagnostic of narrowing the coronary arteries more easier because it can be imaged using special technique by spiral computed tomography scan (CT) for the heart. These scan called calcium scoring or heart calcium

The two most common causes of aortic stenosis severe enough to require surgery are calcification of congenital bicuspid aortic valves and degenerative calcification of tricuspid aortic valves (Roberts WC, Ko JM. ) Aortic valve calcification, scored by computed tomography (CT), can be helpful in diagnosis of severe aortic stenosis in the patient. (Marincheva-Savcheva G, Subramanian S, Qadir S, et al.)

Chest pain is a very common symptom, and around 20% to 40% of the general population will experience chest pain in their lives(149). In the UK, up to 2 % of visits to a general practitioner are due to new onset chest pain (150). Approximately 5% of visits to the emergency department are due to a complaint of chest pain, and up to 40% of emergency hospital admissions are the result of chest pain(149, 151). Approximately 52,000 new cases of angina per year are diagnosed in men and 43,000 in women. The incidence of angina increases with age(123).

Coronary disease is the leading cause of death in the United States. According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 796,494 men and women between the age of (<) 1yr to 85 and older expired due to major cardiovascular disease (Deaths: Final Data for 2013, table 10, 2015) . This disease has a natural cradle-to-grave course of action that may consist of “susceptibility, presymptomatic disease, clinical disease, recovery disable and/or death” (Mills, 2015).

Coronary artery disease is the most common type of heart disease and the #1 cause of death for both men and women in the United States resulting in about 375,000 deaths a year. (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 2014). This disease refers to “any vascular disorder that arrows or occludes the coronary arteries leading to myocardial ischemia” (Huether & McCane, 2012). It occurs when the arteries that supply blood and oxygen to the heart becomes hardened and narrowed. Also, factors such as smoking, high levels of fat & cholesterol in the blood, hypertension, high levels of sugar in the blood, and blood vessel inflammation damage the inner layers of the coronary arteries. “This disease is prevalent in younger and elderly individuals. Coronary artery calcium is highly predicative of coronary heart disease event risk across all age groups” (Tota-Maharaj et al, 2014). Coronary artery disease is caused by the buildup of cholesterol and fatty deposits, or plaque, in the inner walls of the coronary arteries in a process called atherosclerosis. Normally, the coronary arteries are smooth and elastic, lined with a layer of cells called the endothelium. The endothelium acts as a physical barrier between the blood stream and the coronary artery walls.

Angiography has so far been the gold stan- dard for identifying coronary artery lesions [19]. It provides the practitioners with in- formation about the severity of luminal narrowing and hence, enables the diagno- sis of atherosclerotic disease. Angiography may show severe lesions, plaque disrup- tion, luminal thrombosis,

A person with Coronary Artery Disease may show no signs and symptoms. On the other hand, a person may experience heart problems related to the impaired blood flow through the arteries. A person with a reduction of blood flow due to CAD may experience chest pain, heart attack, dysrhythmias, heart failure, or sudden death. There are many known risk factors and diagnostic tests available to help recognize a person at risk or diagnose a person with CAD. There are two types of risk, factors modifiable and non-modifiable that can diagnose a person at risk for the development of CAD. Non-modifiable risk factors are risk factors that cannot be changed. A person over the age of 65, male gender, and a first-degree relative history of CAD are non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors can be changed or controlled, such as lifestyle eating habits, physical activity, and control over health related problems. Also, laboratory testing can assess for risk factors of CAD such as a lipid profile. A lipid profile includes triglyceride, HDL, and LDL levels in the blood. Elevated lipid levels are an abnormal reading that increases the risk of CAD. However, diagnostic tests will be able to provide a more in-depth reading if a person has

Coronary heart disease is a huge issue in our world today. Many researchers are currently working on finding ways to study and improve our treatments and prevention methods. This study focuses on how anti-lipoprotein A-I autoantibodies are displayed in patients with no autoimmune disease. Furthermore, this study could also help potentially discover a new treatment or a new form of diagnosis for cardiovascular diseases. Because this study was based on an autoimmune response, the population examined needed to have an accurate anti-ApoA-I diagnosis and also needed to have gone to the emergency room for chest pain. 132 patients were included in this study. The factors used for this study included chest pain which lasted more than five minutes, without considering age or gender, with no ST-segment elevation. Chest pain that lasted less than five minutes, hospitalization, known diseases associated with autoimmune disorders or patients with signs of heart failure were excluded.

Electrocardiographic (ECG) is valuable, cheap, and noninvasive method used in diagnosis and risk stratification of ACS; accordingly it provides useful information regarding culprit artery by evaluation these ECG changes in regarding diagnostic angiography.

The human body main organ is the heart which is the cardiovascular system, this include different types of blood vessels. There are some most important vessels in the body that are called coronary arteries. This takes the blood rich oxygen, to every location in the person body. When the arteries become blocked by buildup this can cause blood flow to decrease. There are several factors that may cause a heart attack. Bad cholesterol is also one of the leading cause of blockage. Cholesterol is a colorless substance that is food on the food we eat and as for the produced naturally in the body. Not all cholesterol is bad, but LDL cholesterol can stick to the walls of the arteries and produces plaque. Plaque is a hard matter that blocks the blood flow to the arteries. When blood platelets function this can help blood to clot, and this may stick to the plaque and build as time goes by.