Cost Effective Management Of Type 2 Diabetes

Type 2 diabetes is often managed by engaging in exercise and following a diabetic diet. Oral medications may also be used, and in more advanced or severe cases, insulin therapy may be prescribed. The condition is rapidly increasing in the developed world, and there is some evidence that this pattern will be followed in much of the rest of the world in coming years. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has characterized the increase as an epidemic.

The American Diabetes Association (2004) defines diabetes as a subset of metabolic diseases associated with hyperglycemia secondary to insulin failing to release, act, or both. Complications related to chronic diabetes can be detrimental to one’s health including but not limited to: heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, amputations, blindness, and other optical diseases. Furthermore, the prevalence of diabetes is rising at an astronomical rate within the United States as well as internationally. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2016) an estimated 29 million people suffer with diabetes and 86 million are prediabetic within the United States (US). Without major interventions from the healthcare community,

In order to combat the epidemic of type 2 diabetes in America, a series of subsidies and social programs promoting and mandating nutrition and exercise for weight loss should be created with the trillion dollar budget. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes in America is rising and has doubled over the last 30 years to 23 million (Campbell). Currently, it costs the nation about $90 billion a year to treat the complications of type 2 diabetes (Hoerger). Added with the co-morbidities of type 2 diabetes, namely cardiovascular disease, obesity, and kidney failure, it becomes apparent that drastic measures are needed. In order to combat this epidemic, the U.S. Congress is proposing to use a trillion dollars to do whatever it takes to reduce the

Diabetes is a growing concern and health challenge for the American people (b). Diabetes is a condition in which the body cannot react to insulin appropriately or either cannot produce insulin efficiently (w). “Without a properly functioning insulin signaling system, blood glucose levels become elevated and other metabolic abnormalities occur, leading to the development of serious, disabling complications” (w). There are numerous forms of diabetes amongst the nation, however, there are three main forms of diabetes. Most people have heard of type one diabetes, type two diabetes, and gestational diabetes because they are common. Type two diabetes deals with a resistance to insulin, while

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) or Type 2 Diabetes is seen as a metabolic disease that is categorized by abnormally high blood glucose or hyperglycemia. Diabetes Mellitus is also formerly known as noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and is the most common form of diabetes that is seen. Insulin is a hormone that is supplied to the body that allows us to efficiently use glucose as fuel. When carbohydrates are broken down into sugars in the stomach glucose enters the blood circulation simulating the pancreas to release insulin in an appropriate amount to become used for energy. With diabetes mellitus the body does not properly make use of the insulin supplied for the body. This causes the pancreas to produced an extra amount if insulin which the body cannot keep up with, causing an imbalance to the blood glucose levels (American Diabetes Association, 2015). In the united states diabetes affects almost 29.1 million people, while the another 86 million people have pre-diabetes but do not know. It is also known as the 7th leading cause of death in the country in the recent years (MedicineNet.com, 2016). For a patient suffering from a chronic form of diabetes mellitus understanding how these mechanisms lead to the condition can be used as preventative measures. Potential consequences as well as the causes and clinical manifestations will ensure a better knowledge on the issue to monitor the condition.

Type II diabetes mellitus (DM), also referred to as non-insulin dependent diabetes, is a relative, rather than absolute, deficiency of insulin (ADA, 2004). It is global problem and has been identified as one of the “most challenging contemporary threats to public health” (Schauer et al., 2012). One is at risk for developing type II diabetes if they are overweight, over the age of 45, have a relative with type II diabetes, are sedentary, gave birth to a baby over 9 pounds, or had gestational diabetes (Center for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2016).

Diabetes has become a widespread epidemic, primarily because of the increasing prevalence and incidence of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes is an endocrine disease in which the body has either a shortage of insulin or a decrease ability to use insulin or both. Insulin is a hormone that allows glucose to enter the cells and be converted into energy. Diabetes can be characterized as a prevailing, incapacitating, and deadly disease. There are a number of risk factors that increase a person’s tendency toward developing type II diabetes. Modifiable risk factors include obesity, physical inactivity and poor dietary habits are just a few. The

Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes which affects 90% to 95% of the population. In the United States, approximately 1.7 million new cases of diabetes were identified in 2012 and the disease affects 29 million Americans, or 9.3 percent of the population (Statistics About Diabetes, 2014). In 2012, the total financial burden of diabetes was estimated to be $245 billion which included $176 billion in direct medical costs and $69 billion in reduced productivity (American Diabetes Association, 2013). Those who have type 2 diabetes are unable to control insulin levels resulting in a condition called insulin resistance. In the first stages of the disease your body attempts to

T2D is the most common type of diabetes where the body does not produce enough insulin to maintain normal blood glucose levels or the insulin produced does not work effectively. According to AHA (2015), “diabetes contributes to over 230,000 U.S deaths per year” (p.1), however, many people are not aware they have the disease as it usually develops slowly over time and may already have developed health complications associated with T2D. There are non-modifiable and modifiable risk factors for T2D.

According to the American Diabetes Association (ADA), diabetes is a disease that affects over 8% of the United States population and has become a financial burden to the health-care industry, costing $245 billion in 2012 alone (2013a). Many newly diagnosed type II diabetics turn to the ADA or other established medical authorities for help with this devastating disease. However, most recommend a low-fat high-carbohydrate diet. Following this advice will likely only cause progressive worsening of the disease and symptoms, leading to higher medical costs and possible premature death. In order for a diabetic to lead a long, healthy and relatively complication-free life, it is vital that they ignore the medical establishment and ADA.

Using a cost utility analysis, we will look at Medicare cost data associated with different stages (measured by HbA1c level) of type II diabetes and the cost savings available when a patient reduces his or her HbA1c level. We will also analyze the reduction in HbA1c levels supported by CHW interventions. After understanding the impact CHWs can have on this measure for a single patient, we will associate cost savings to a percent reduction in HbA1c. After we have identified the potential cost savings for a single patient, we will look at what the savings’ impact could be for the entire Medicare population.

A myriad of pharmaceutical treatment options for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) currently exist (Inzucchi et al., 2015; American Diabetes Association, 2016). Although metformin remains the first-line pharmacologic treatment, numerous options are available when metformin alone does not achieve glycemic targets. When making treatment decisions, the American Diabetes Association (ADA, 2016) recommends that selection of additional agents should take into account the advantages and disadvantages of specific medications. They also advise consideration of patient preference, cost, side effects, impact on body weight, and risk for hypoglycemia (ADA, 2016). The intent of this paper is to explore the recently published and highly relevant research findings on the impact of empagliflozin, a sodium glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor (SGLT2), on cardiovascular outcomes and mortality (Zinman et al., 2015).

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic endocrine disorder, affecting carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism (American Diabetes Association, 2011). Due to the increase in population growth and ageing, the burden of diabetes has become a rising global issue. There are three types of diabetes- Type 1 (inherited, lack of insulin production), Type 2 (reduce effectiveness of insulin produced in the pancreas) and gestational diabetes (World Health Organisation, 2014). Type 2 most frequently affects aged 35 to 64 years, although there had been reports of increased proportion with onset at a younger age. It involves in multiple complex factors, Type 2 are in large caused by rapid increases in overweight, poor nutrition and physical inactivity. Behavioural change in individual remains a

Diabetes Mellitus is a serious disease shared by 16 million Americans (PharmInfoNet1). It is a disease characterized by a failure of the pancreas to produce enough if any insulin. Insulin is the chemical in the body that turns sugar into usable energy. “While it is treatable, diabetes is still a killer. The fourth leading cause of death in America, diabetes claims an estimated 178,000 lives each year. So the treatment is aimed at holding the disease in check, reversing it where possible, and preventing complications” (Hingley 33). Due to the life threatening nature of diabetes, the necessity of controlling it is absolutely imperative. Philip Cryer, M.D., president of the American Diabetes Association and a professor at Washington

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), also known as non-insulin dependent DM, is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by certain symptoms such as hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and relative insulin deficiency [1]. Genetic, environmental and behavioural risk factors are considered responsible for the predisposition of T2DM [2]. With the progression of this disease, the patient eventually develops various short- and long-term complications. Thus, the patient has to undergo multiple therapies, which reduces the quality of life as well as the life expectancy [3]. The demographic data suggests that more than 400 million of population, across the globe are currently suffering from this disease. In 2012, the death toll is upto 1.5 million due to T2DM and 2.2 million people died due to high blood glucose level [4]. The major problem with this disease is that it cannot be completely cured, but the symptoms and complications can be controlled with diet, exercise, medicines and health monitoring. This subsequently lands the patient on lifetime medication that involves a huge cost. In 2012, the American Diabetes Association released a letter suggesting an annual expenditure of $245 billion for diabetes, which includes a direct medical cost of $176 billion and $69 billion in reduced productivity [5]. In order to avoid and delay the short- and long term complications, the patients are prescribed with multiple treatment modalities such as oral hypoglycemic drugs and