Description And Description Of The Diagnosis

The patient in “The Red Hat Hikers” scenario is suffering from hyponatremia. Hyponatremia is defined as a serum sodium level of less than 136mEq/L. Sodium is an electrolyte that is found predominately in the extracellular fluid, and it is the chief regulator of water in the body. Sodium is also important for muscle contraction, nerve impulses, acid-base balance and chemical reactions that occur inside the cell (McCance & Huether, 2014). Normal sodium levels in the body are maintained by the kidneys and the hormone aldosterone. Aldosterone is secreted by the adrenal cortex at the completion of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and it helps stimulate the proximal tubules of the kidneys to reabsorb sodium and water. The anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) also indirectly affects sodium levels because it regulates water balance in the body (McCance & Huether, 2014).

EMG biofeedback: Can be utilized to receive information related to motor performance, kinesthetic performance or physiological response

Deficient fluid volume happens when there is a significant loss of fluid and electrolytes as with excessive sweating. Dehydration can occur from an insufficient fluid intake, excessive fluid loss, and fluid shifts. The first sign of dehydration is thirst. If the patient would have drunk water when he first became thirsty, him collapsing may not have occurred, and no further treatment may not have been needed. If fluids continue to be lost, the heart pumps faster but is rapid and weak and causes orthostatic hypotension, explaining his pulse being 136 and blood pressure being 88/52. Orthostatic hypotension may have caused him to collapse due to the

Outline the causes, incidence and risk factors of the identified condition and its impact on the patient and family. (400 words)

If a patient was exposed to a Hypotonic Solution then the cells would absorb the water and can cause the patient to feel fine if it?s not too strong or

In patients with renal failure the two most common electrolyte abnormalities are hyperkalemia and hypermagnesemia. Hyperkalemia results due to decreased renal excretion resulting from renal failure. Both of these abnormalities are initially treated with IV calcium gluconate if the patients are symptomatic. The calcium is given to antagonize the effects of hyperkalemia and hypermagnesemia. The calcium acts to protect the heart muscle temporarily until other treatments can be administered. It is imperative to monitor the patient closely with and ECG when IV calcium is administered due to calcium induced

Hyponatremia is a sodium levels less than 135mmol/L. Manifestations may appear as: abnormal mental status, convulsions, fatigue, headache, irritability, loss of appetite, muscle spasms or cramps, muscle weakness, nausea, restlessness and vomiting. The lab result may show: sodium level below 135mmol/L, potassium will be within reference range, osmolality will be less than 275mOsm/kg, and the ADH levels will be increased. The plasma concentrations of creatinine, urea, uric acid, and potassium may be slightly decreased or normal. Treatment may include IV sodium solution to raise the patient’s sodium levels in your blood. The patient may also require medications. You may take medications to manage the signs and symptoms of hyponatremia, such as headache, nausea and seizures. In less severe cases, the patient can alter their diet, how much fluid they consume and lifestyle to keep their sodium levels within the reference range

Hyponatremia is a result of an overabundance amount of water compared to an insufficient quantity of sodium in the body which can activate headaches, nausea, vomiting and seizures. Sodium is a crucial aspect in regulating blood pressure along with controlling the proper muscle and nerve movement. Sodium maintains the transportation of fluids throughout the body in order to make sure the cells do not shrink or swell up. Hyponatremia can be caused by certain medications, liver and kidney failure, drinking too much water or dehydration. It is important not to have your body enter into a hyponatremic state since this can be fatal without immediate medical attention. Severe hyponatremia causes neurological symptoms such as brain damage, coma, or

Hyper-hydration does not provide any thermoregulatory aid and can actually lead to a deadly condition. Over-hydration occurs when the body takes in more fluid than it can remove and its normal sodium and other electrolyte levels are diluted. Also called dilution hyponatremia, this causes the bodies cells to swell (particularly brain cells) with water causing mild to serve health problems, even death. During exercise, renal blood flow (blood flow to the kidneys) is reduced resulting in decrease urine output. This decrease urine output does not allow the excess water to be expelled from the body. Accidentally consuming too much water is rare; most deaths have come from water drinking contests or from long moderate levels of endurance exercise during which excess amounts of fluids are consumed. Marathon runners are susceptible to this condition if they consume too much fluids while running. In 2002, a study done by the New England Journal of Medicine of the Boston Marathon showed thirteen percent of runners finished the race with dilution hyponatremia. The majority of these racers finished at the mid-to end of the race with 65% of them being

Hypovolemic shock is the result of whole blood loss, and plasma or interstitial fluid loss in large amounts. Moreover, hypovolemic shock begins when the intravascular volume decreases by approximately fifteen percent. The pathophysiology of hypovolemic shock includes both the heart rate and SVR increasing. As a result cardiac output and tissue perfusion pressures are boosted and interstitial fluid moves into the vascular compartment. Also, both the liver and spleen boost the body’s blood volume by disgorging the stored red blood cells and plasma. In the kidneys, renin prompts the release of aldosterone and also the retention of sodium. Whereas, ADH that is from the posterior pituitary gland surges water retention. In addition, if the initial

The patient is a 19-year-old male named Matt. He was being treated for lethargy, excessive thirst, recent unexpected weight loss, fever, and complaints of frequent urination. Matt is a college cross-country runner who is otherwise is healthy. He is currently uninsured and his diet consists of fast food meals and prepackaged meals. Also, he consumes 3-4 beers about 3-4 days a week. Matt is allergic to Penicillin as well as Sulfa Drugs. After the assessment Matt has a temperature of 101.6 F and has a pain level of 4/10 while urinating in which he experiences a burning pain. His skin is warm and dry and has a 1 inch by 5/8th inch skin break on the posterior right ankle that has not healed in 3 weeks. Additionally, Matt was treated once in

Identify possible nursing diagnoses that Karen may have and provide a rationale for your choice:

Osmolarity is the number of miliosmoles per liter of solution, and olmolality is the number of milliosmoles in a kilogram of solution (Workman, 2013). The normal osmolarity for body fluids ranges from 270-300 mOsm/L. This range is considered isotonic fluids, and is where the body functions the best (Workman, 2013). Anything greater is considered hypertonic because they have a greater osmotic pressure than the body fluid. That is, they have a higher concentration of solute to water than the body fluid and plasma do. Anything less is considered hypotonic because it has less solute to fluid concentration than body fluid and plasma, and because it has less osmotic pressure (Workman, 2013). Osmotic pressure is a hydrostatic pressure caused by a different amount of solutes between solutions that are separated by a semi-permeable membrane ("Biology Online," 2001). When a person loses body water but most of the particles remain, Extracellular volume is decreased. Osmolarity is increased creating a hypertonic area compared with the intracellular fluid volume. As a result, water moves from the intracellular area to the extracellular area to compensate for this difference and maintains equilibrium. This will in turn, shrink the cells as water moves out of them. When someone replenishes his or her body with water, the extracellular fluid turns hypotonic because the water has diluted the fluid. This pushes water into the cell, allowing it swell back to its normal size (Workman, 2013). Occasionally the body needs help in fluid balance regulations when it is not able to on its own. This can be due to NPO status, sedation, lack of energy, increased insensible water loss, and more. When this happens, IV fluid replacement therapy is integrated into the care of hospitalized

Intracellular Fluid: (Located inside the cells) Fluid Contained within all of the cells of the body and accounts for 67% of all the fluid in the body

A 22-year Caucasian female Jehovah’s Witness, 28 week pregnant came to the emergency room in Australia, with a history of fever for 1 week, fatigue, extensive bruising, nose and gum bleeding. The patient was pregnant with her third child, and had 2 other children aged 2 and 4 years at home. The patient worked in the bank and was the primary breadwinner of the family as her husband was disabled after a motor vehicle accident and could not work.