Key Terms
Type 2 Diabetes: Form of diabetes mellitus in which the pancreas does not make enough insulin or the body is unable to make insulin correctly (Health the Basics, Chapter 12, pg 413).
Insulin: Hormone secreted by the pancreas and required by body cells for the uptake and storage of glucose (Health The Basics, Chapter 12, pg412).
Glucose: Blood Sugar
Introduction
This report was commission by the school board of Alpurrulam Public School, in order to improve, aid and support the overall health of our school community. This report will investigate Type 2 Diabetes in secondary students more specifically Indigenous students and their extended families. The report will focus on how vulnerable Indigenous people are to developing Type
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There are some factors that are non-modifiable and create a predisposition to the onset of developing Type 2 Diabetes. These non-modifiable factors include family history, race/ethnicity and age, and cannot be changed by lifestyle choices. Type 2 diabetes is traditionally a late onset disease however it is becoming more frequent to be diagnosed as a young person. Alpurrulam’s student network is made up of 89% Indigenous students alone. “Indigenous people were three times more likely to be living with Type 2 Diabetes than non-Indigenous people” (Australia Bureau of Statistics, 2004-05). It is vital for our students to be educated on Type 2 Diabetes because of the high vulnerability of our school population of developing this lifestyle disease.
Aims
This report;
- Investigates modifiable and non-modifiable factors that cause Type 2 Diabetes
- Determines how prone Indigenous Australians are to developing Type 2 Diabetes compared to the rest of the population
- Determines how susceptible rural living Indigenous Australians are to developing Type 2 Diabetes than those in densely populated areas
- Outlines how to manage Type 2 Diabetes
- Outlines preventative strategies via education of Type 2 Diabetes in high school
Scope
In this report the focus will be the nutritional aspects of Type 2 Diabetes, although physical activity is a vital attribute to Type 2 Diabetes it will not be the main focus. This report will determine the modifiable and
Type 2 is characterized by the body’s inability to use insulin effectively because of a combination of resistance to insulin as well as an overall decrease production in insulin. There is a genetic predisposition to Type 2 diabetes, but there are several other factors that also put an individual at
Diabetes is a disease that cases blood glucose levels to rise higher than normal in the body. Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes when being compared to type 1diabetes. When blood sugars rises to levels higher than normal it is called hyperglycemia. Diabetes, type 2 can result in many different issues that affect the body. There are many complications that are linked with diabetes for example, higher risk
Diabetes is a common disease that can be diagnosed among indigenous Australians. It can influence individuals in the aspects of psychological, social and cultural. People with diabetes will have psychological issues such as depression. According to the Elsevier, unipolar depression and other significant depressive symptoms are prevalent in type 2 diabetes and aboriginals are much easier to have type 2 diabetes. They usually have problems in self-management, increased risk of diabetes complications, poor glycaemic control and higher mortality (Feltz-Cornelis et al. 2010, p.381). Specifically, depression in the indigenous Australians with diabetes may affect their
The prevalence of diabetes is 3.5 times as likely as non-Indigenous Australians and 4 times as likely to be hospitalised as a result. This could be linked to socioeconomic determinants of low levels education and consequently unemployment or low income work. Also, ATSI elders typically have a major influence over younger generations and therefore the youth are less likely to ask for help by health professionals and are more likely to seek advice from
Native Americans are mainly affected with type 2 diabetes. This is are mainly due education barriers. Not fully understanding the diagnosis usually leads to further problems, like not being able to treat the diagnosis
Inactive lifestyle, improper diet and lack of proper education regarding the health issues are the major causes of the diabetes gaining such popularity in the indigenous group. The introduction of western diet, more fatty and sugary meals, has replaced their traditional way of consumption of meal. Hunting for animals and berries was their primary way of collection of food, and it used to provide them with sufficient amount of exercise and needed nutrients, but now the amount of consumption of fatty and sugary food is very high (Ong, Carter, Vos, Kelaher & Anderson, 2014,
In the assigned reading article, researchers propose that minority populaces are at higher risk for diabetes than the social majority. This risk is directly linked to a decreased sense of educational attainment and high levels of
hrough historical and socio-political context, it has caused a ‘gap’ between indigenous children’s health and other parts of the country. The ‘gap’, refers to the immense health and life-expectation inequality between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians. This inequality includes higher rates of infant mortality, shorter life expectancy, poorer health and lower levels of education and employment. One of the key issues and concerns in aboriginal children’s health in remote and urban areas is obesity. The 2004-2005 National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Survey (NATSIHS) found that obesity is becoming an increasing problem in the Indigenous population.(National Audit Office.
Queensland is home to just over 30 per cent of Australia’s Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, equalling to a total 4 per cent of the state’s population1. Over the last decade, cardiovascular disease among the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities has slightly decreased2, although documented cardiovascular diseases still remain five times higher than those of non-Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander descent1,3. Cardiovascular diseases are more than often encouraged by a large variety of pre-existing illnesses1 such as obesity, renal diseases, diabetes and hypertension4, which are common among indigenous communities4. Early detection is key, as the majority of health problems indigenous communities are undergoing are treatable1,
The prevalence of diabetes increased with age for all age groups. The prevalence ranged from 5.3% for Indigenous people aged 25-34 years to 40% for those aged 55 years and over.
There are two types of diabetes but this essay will focus more on Type 2 diabetes. Currently, the number of people with diabetes in Australia is going higher and went up to 1 million this year and doubled compared with the statistics in 1989. Approximately, 80 % of them are Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (Diabetes Australia, 2015). Furthermore, according to the survey there are about 1.8% of all Australians have an Intellectual Disability (328,000) and about 9% of them are suffering with diabetes. However, the true prevalence of diabetes in Australia’s population is still unidentified and unknown (Carolan, Holman, Ferrai,
5 percent of indigenous people between the age of 25 and 34 reported to have diabetes in 2012, which confirms that the Australian indigenous community suffers from the diseases at early ages (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2014).
Compared with two population of aboriginal and Torres Strait islander people and non-indigenous people, ATSI were more than three times higher to have diabetes or high sugar level (Taylor, et al., 2013). Moreover, Australia bureau of statistics reported that with the age growing and more remote areas, the population of diabetes are increasing. There are 39% people in ATSI suffer diabetes at the age of 55 years old and over. (ABS, 2013).
It was found that New zealand has one of the highest rates of diabetes. the world health organisation conducted an international study in 2013 that also found that there are over 225,000 people that have been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, that’s 90% of the population. In 1996 approximately 81,000 people in New Zealand were known to have Type 2 diabetes. By 2011, these numbers have increased to over 156,000 people in New Zealand diagnosed. This means that in only 15 years the number of people diagnosed with diabetes has almost doubled. It is predicted that over half a million new zealanders will be affected by diabetes in this decade, most of which will be maori or pacific people. The greater the degree of obesity the greater the risk of developing diabetes since obesity is a huge factor in insulin resistance. It affects New zealanders because it’s harder to maintain a healthy lifestyle due to how much healthy food, and health care cost. Diabetes is more common in maori and pacific people, this is likely due to the higher amounts of fast food and produced foods they consume on a daily basis since it’s cheaper to buy and easier to prepare. Type 2 diabetes is becoming more common in children and the genes of parents with type 2 diabetes are being passed to the children so they have a higher risk of developing it. The amount of people diagnosed with type 2
An 11 year old child named R.Y in American Indian Heritage was identified with type 2 diabetes during a routine physical check-up in school. Her mother shifted her home from a stress life of domestic violence and finances, unstable house, inadequate parent supervision to her childhood community. Before they shifted, child establishes poor grades in school, oppositional behaviour and moreover gain in weight. The child mother think that R.Y. identified diabetes causes such as physical abuses, diabetes in pregnancy or inequality in social living. The family return to native American community which proves beneficial to R.Y., In such a way, that it boost the school grades , relations, problem