Diagnostic Autism Spectrum Disorders in Infants and Children
Autism Spectrum Disorder is a neurodevelopment disorder that affects people as young as infancy that can become more evident throughout their childhood. The word Spectrum refers to a wide range of disorders that are closely related through similar symptoms, as it will be explained later in this paper. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders also known as the DSM-5 diagnostic manual, updated the types of disorders listed as: Autistic Disorder, Rett 's Disorder, Asperger’s Disorder, Childhood Disintegrative Disorder and Pervasive Developmental Disorder also known as PDD-NOS. These types of Autistic disorders have affected over 3 million individuals in the U.S and
…show more content…
While infants are still discovering most of their sensors, touch is important because “ higher levels of touch between parent and infant (e.g., skin-to-skin contact, affectionate touch, tactile game play) have been linked to secure attachment relationships, more positive social responses in infants, and positive, reciprocal parent–infant interactions..” (577). Interactions between parent and infants through touch are important to visualize whether the infant is responding to reflexes, or involuntary movements. For example, when a child is touched on the cheek, most likely the baby will respond by turning their heads toward the direction of the hand. Abnormal touch and unresponsive reflexes can link to autism symptoms in children such as unresponsive to sensory stimuli. Tactile games such as holding a toy above them can monitor whether the baby is responding back or distracted and is unable to focus. Autism Speaks, describes research done on their article, “ Eye Contact Declines Early in Babies Who Later Develop Autism” by explaining that babies are placed in front of a monitor that shows their mother speaking to them and showing their fingers and other movements to get the babies full attention. On the other side researchers are visualizing and monitoring the baby 's eyes and direction. Researchers state that, “ Such an early decline in eye
The overall message and core argument this book offers is that the new version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, the DSM-5, will cause an enormous increase of people who are not mentally ill being diagnosed with a mental disorder and receiving unnecessary treatment for it. Allen Frances argues that assigning everyday problems to mental disorders causes massive disadvantages for individuals and society. Diagnosing a healthy person as mentally ill will lead to unnecessary, harmful medications, the constricting of horizons, misallocation of medical recourses, and wasting the budgets of families and the state. He states as well that we do not take responsibility for our own mental well-being. We do not trust our
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and autism are both general terms for a group of complex disorders of brain development (“What is Autism,” 2014). Autism is very common, it affects over 200,000 people in the United States per year. Autism can be treated but there is no known cure for autism, it can only last for a couple of years or a lifetime. This disorder is a serious development disorder that impairs the patient’s ability to interact and communicate with others. This disorder attacks the nervous system, it is known to affect ages 3-60 and is more likely to affect males over females. The symptoms can vary, the most common symptoms include
Chapter 1 focuses on autism, Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDDs) and other Autistic Spectrum Disorders (ASDs). Described in 1943 by Dr. Leo Kanner, autism (also known as autistic disorder, childhood autism, or infantile disorder) is one of the PDDs along with Rett's disorder, Childhood Disintegrative Disorder (CDD) referred to as Heller's syndrome, Asperger disorder, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS). Rett's is a rare genetic abnormality affecting brain development in girls. There are treatments available, but there is no known cure. Asperger disorder affects an individual's ability to socialize and communicate effectively. Individuals with Asperger disorder may be socially awkward and have a compulsive
Autism Spectrum Disorder is a growing problem throughout the entire globe. Autism Spectrum Disorder is defined as deficits in social reciprocity and communication, as well as unusual, restricted and repetitive behaviors (Lord). Such behaviors may include running back and forth, excessive cleaning, noises, and clapping. These also vary greatly with age and ability, and the notion of ASD has been introduced to recognize these diversities (Firth). Autism was first discovered in 1943 when Leo Kanner observed 11 children with several common traits such as, impairments in social interaction, anguish for changes, good memory, belated echolalia, over sensitivity to certain stimuli (especially sound), food problems, limitations in spontaneous activity,
Autism is the main form of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Autism is a developmental disorder that is manifested in problems with communication, impairment of social functioning, and repetitive behaviours. According to the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V), ASD diagnoses must meet four different areas of criteria. There are three symptoms of "deficits in social communication and interaction across contexts," four symptoms of "restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviour, interests, or activities," "symptoms must be present in early childhood," and the symptoms must "together limit and impair everyday functioning" (Carpenter, 2013). There are many theoretical positions on the causes of autism spectrum disorders. Some of which have been discounted by empirical studies that have been researched and performed.
Autism spectrum disorder is a general term for the complex neurological diseases that affect brain development. The common characteristics of the disease are difficulties in social interactions, speech communication and repetitive sounds and movements. In May of 2013, the DSM-5 diagnostic manual placed all autism disorders under one umbrella known as ASD or autism spectrum disorders. This merged all of the sub-types like Asperger syndrome, autistic disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder, pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified (autism speaks, 2014). Common characteristics of autism are intellectual disability, challenges in motor coordination, attention span
Autism spectrum disorder is a lengthy diagnostic category that includes those with impaired social interaction and communication, and those with repetitive stereo-typed behaviors (Persico & Merelli, 2014). The National Institute of Mental Health (NIH), defines the term ‘spectrum’ as a wide range of symptoms, skill, and levels of impairment or disability that kids with ASD possess. It is a disorder in where several parts of the brain have obstacles working together to complete complex tasks. It is a developmental disability that can cause significant social, communication and behavioral challenges (CDC, 2015).
The current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), now in its 5th edition, defines attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as persistent cycles of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that inhibit an individual’s ability to function or interferes with their development (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Inattention is said to manifest though behaviours such as wandering off and difficulty in maintaining focus. Hyperactivity on the other hand, manifests in an extreme relentlessness at a given activity, or persisting with an activity to the extent that it wears out others. To be diagnosed with ADHD according to the DSM-5, six or more symptoms must be met in regarding inattention and or
The first step taken to preserve the future of professional counseling, identity, and education program requirements, the structure and tools used in assessing needed health care were reviewed: The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) and the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) (Smith, 2012). According to the National Center for Health Statistics (2006), the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) is a medical classification system that uses codes to differentiate disease and symptoms. Published by the World Health Organization [WHO] (2011), the ICD is used globally for diagnosing,
The American Psychiatric Association publishes the DSM-IV for medical personal to refer to when diagnosing patients. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th edition consist of three major components; diagnostic classification, diagnostic criteria set, and the descriptive text, which covers all mental health disorders for both children and adults. Some of the information covered by the DSM-IV includes known causes of disorders, statistics in terms of gender, and age of onset, prognosis and research concerning the optimal treatments available. This medical book is referred to when those interacting with the patient are trying to understand them and their disorder. It is also available for the payees to understand the
(DSM V) describes substance use disorder as an abnormal pattern of substance usage, which leads to significant damage or distress, which can occur within a twelve-month period. The DSM V, In order to be diagnosed the with a substance use disorder, two of the eleven criteria must be fulfilled in order for a diagnosis of substance use disorder, (see Table 1) (http://www.buppractice.com/node/4621.)
Autism Spectrum Disorder is defined as a group of complex disorders of the brain. The autism spectrum contains many other disorders within itself, and each of them have different symptoms. These disorders include autistic disorder, Rett syndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder, pervasive developmental disorder, and Asperger syndrome (Frequently Asked Questions, 2015). The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says that around 1 in 68 American children are on the spectrum, with the statistics in other countries being even higher. This number has increased in the last 40 years and could partly be because of the improved diagnosis and awareness, all because
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) of Mental Disorders, fifth edition, defines a person with autism spectrum disorder as having persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction. This includes having deficits in social-emotional reciprocity, deficits in nonverbal communicative behaviors used for social interaction, and deficits in developing, maintaining, and understanding relationships. Autism is a pervasive developmental disorder, which concludes that it consists of developmental delays in basic functioning such as socialization and communication. Pervasive developmental disorders are also called Autism Spectrum Disorders or ASD (DSM-V). The fifth edition does not distinguish between the specific disorders.
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is a mental health diagnostic system that allow clinicians (i.e. psychiatrics, psychologists, social workers, occupational therapists and nurses) to have a common understanding of mental health conditions (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2000). It also enables clinicians, pharmaceutical companies, researchers and policy-makers to make clear decisions around access to services and treatment guidelines for the clients.
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) has a number of features. First of all, every disorder is identified using a name and a numerical code. In addition, the manual provides the criteria for diagnosing each disorder as well as establishes subtypes of a disorder and examples that would illustrate the disorder. The manual goes further by addressing the typical age of onset, culturally related information, gender-related information, prevalence of a disorder, typical clinical course of a disorder, typical predisposing factors of a disorder and genetic family patterns of a disease (Summers, 2009). The DSM-IV is a tool that is used by mental health practitioners and social service workers. As has been demonstrated