Effects Of Lipid Productivity In Algae

The process of making synthetic crude oil requires an enormous amount of water, especially in the separation process. Each barrel of oil requires two tons of oil sands and up to five barrels of hot water. Water is also needed along with electricity to convert it steam. The steam is pushed by steam injections making bitumen less viscous. It is quite evident that oil sands are not practical in terms of its process. Also three-quarters of the bitumen can be recovered from the sands, leaving behind 25% as waste. With the technology in our present society, oil sands are not entirely practical in terms of efficiency; however, in the future, this may change. To reflect, there are many disadvantages associated with oil sands, especially in the way it is processed.

The independent variable in this investigation is the carbon dioxide level in the algal solution. This is measured by determining the pH level of the solution as carbon dioxide gas is bubbled through the solution. When mixed, carbon dioxide and water form carbonic acid, thus decreasing the pH level of the solution.

▪ According to the U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 4th Assessment Report (Nov. 17, 2007), “warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident

Biotechnology has played a vital role in reducing the green house effect and in producing a cleaner planet. Because of the worldwide economic and environmental concerns regarding the use of petro-chemicals, extensive research has been conducted on residual biomass. Significant progress has been made in the field of lignocellulose biotechnology. Lignocellulosic waste materials have been used in the production of bio-fuels, enzymes, chemicals, the pulp and paper, animal feed and composites (Iqbal, 2013). Moreover, algal biomass has received huge attention in producing biofuels due to their relatively high growth rate, great

Algae biofuel production need four steps: strain isolation, algae cultivation, oil extraction and inter-esterification for final product. Use Chlorella as an example, high-quality strains need to be obtained first. Ideally, these strain should have high CO2 absorption rate, fast growth rate with good oil-production efficient. Instead of autotrophic and heterotrophic type, researchers are more interested in mixing them up so that algae can utilise photosynthesis energy in daytime and keep metabolism rate and propagation over night by supplied organic carbon sources, such as glucose. The

Algae are a "group of plants" that dominate the aquatic environment (Raymount, 1984). Organisms that make up the algae include representatives from three kingdoms and seven divisions: cyanochloranta and prochorophyta (from Kingdom Monera), pyrrhophyta, chrysophyta, phaeophyta, and rhodophyta (from Kingdom Protista), and chlorophyta (from Kingdom Plantae). All seven divisions are called algae because of a lack of roots, stems, and leaves; and most algal cells are fertile. The basic metabolic processes are located in the individual cell and all lack the xylem/phloem transport system of "higher plants". These different plant-like organisms have been used for human food and animal follage.

There are many different varieties of algae. It can also grow in numerous colors and forms and can be found everywhere on the planet. Many people believe algae is limited to the green film seen on ponds or washed up on beaches, however, that is just a very small portion of what algae is (Sterner, 2013). One of these algae species, and the topic of this experiment, is Chlorella vulgaris. This is a freshwater alga which can be used in wastewater treatment (Gonzales and Bashan, 2000). A significant discussion regarding algae is on biofuels. This fuel is produced from microalgae. The algal oil is harvested from the fatty acids produced by the algae as a product of photosynthesis. Algal lipids have a high saturation making them a suitable feedstock for biodiesel. This biodiesel, since oil based, can be substituted for petroleum once the technology is fully capable of production. This fuel is also eco-friendly, and has been tested non-toxic to the environment. Currently, most biofuel in the United States is produced from soybeans, but the push to algae biodiesel is on the rise. This is attributed to the problem of arable land needed by soybeans and other current biofuel producers. Algae have the unique ability to grow in non-favorable conditions, like brackish water, making it a favorable alternative. Also, algae have a very short harvesting life and are capable of allowing multiple harvests year-round unlike other crops. Finally, the cost associated with harvesting and

There are two potential sources for CH4 emissions in the algae pathway, the AD process and biogas clean-up. Based on a literature review (Liebertrau, et al., 2010; Flesch, et al., 2011), we assume a total fugitive CH4 loss of 2% for this pathway. Biogas flaring efficiency was observed to be less than usually expected, averaging 81% CH4 combustion in the flare with a range of 48% to 99%. This range is usually assumed to be 90% to 95%. However, the N2O emission from the N-containing sludge was ignored because chemical fertilizers replaced by the biogas residue are associated with the same issue.

Glycoglycerolipids exists in plants, prokaryotes, eukaryotes but extensively found in marine algae (1,2,3). They were screened from seaweed-associated aquatic living organism actinomycete strain, which was determined as Streptomyces coelescens positioned on 16S Rdna sequence analysis. Glycoglycerolipids was isolated by two chromatographic techniques: silica gel chromatography and its analogues are mainly derived from high performance liquid chromatography (4).

Spirulina platensis is a filametous blue-green algae (30–70 m helix diameter) (Sáncbez et al., 2003; Tomaselli, 1997). However, It have prokaryotic structure therefore they are a bacterium belong to cyanobacterium (Becker, 2006). Their cell wall contains peptidoglycan in its composition and structure, so it was classified as gram negative (Alessandro Novak, 2010). Spirulina can form population is fresh water and brackish lakes and some marine environments (Belov and Giles, 1997; Richmond, 1990). Spirulina platensis is a rich sources in protein algae of which amount to 60 – 70 percent of protein in dry cell weight (Becker, 1994) and minerals such as : iron, calcium, chlomium, copper, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium and zinc ( Belay, 1987 ) (table 1) . It has been used as human food for the last 20 years (Ciferri and Tiboni, 1985). In recent years, Spirulina also use as an animal feed supplement (Belay, et al, 1996). In addition, spirulina also contain Beta-carotene, provitamin A, Vitamin C and vitamin E (show in table 2) and has consequently it as a potential source of pharmaceuticals (Borowitzka, 1995). Nowadays, spirulina has been cultivated for studied due to its commercial importance as a source of essential fatty acid, Gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) ( Belay, 1987 ) can be used in food, feed, medicine and cosmetic industries ( BayLan, 2012). According to Mezzomo et al. (2010), the microalgae ( spirulina platensis ) can be cultivated in dilute

Lipase is the enzyme that also known as triacylglycerol acylhydrolase with EC number 3.1.1.3. It is part of hydrolases family that act on carboxylic ester bond. It had been widely used as biocatalysts in biological process. Most of the lipase was expressed from natural resources such as plant, animal and microorganism. Lipases expressed from microorganism particularly interest due to easy production, capability to adapt in industrial application (Wang et al., 2017), stability in organic solvent, no cofactor required and broad substrate specification (Aravindan et al, 2006). The function of the lipase is to breakdown the triacylglycerol into free fatty acid and glycerol. In addition, it also involved in many synthesis reaction such as esterification, transesterification and aminolysis (Rivera et al., 2017). Due to its ability to breakdown lipid and many biological reactions, lipase is commercially used in large scale production.

In this experiment, the focus will be the synthesis and characterization of biodiesel fuel. Biodiesel seems to have become the substitute for fossil fuel. It can also be an alternative for the petroleum-based biodiesel. By having renewable resources such as corn, soybeans, peanuts and other makes biodiesel a viable option. Using these resources wouldn’t help alleviate the problems with fossil fuel in the US. Biodiesel is produced from the transesterification reaction of vegetable oil. Transesterification is the reversible reaction where one ester is converted into another by exchanging an ester group with an alcohol in the presence of a base.

Challenge the Era Company (CEC) are exploring the opportunity to establish the first biodiesel production facility in Kuwait. Despite the low cost of fuel in the region, environmental pressures plus the no local disposal route for feedstock Used Cooking Oil (UCO) would allow a viable venture to be established.

To improve the properties of microalgae as sources for biodiesel production, Nannochloropsis oceanica CCAP 849/10 was cultured in f/2 media supplemented with five different forms of nitrogen (NH4HCO3, (NH4)2SO4, NaNO3, NH4NO3 and Urea, 0.88 mmol N l−1). The growth, total lipid content, fatty acid profiles of the microalga were assayed after 15 days of cultivation. The results indicated that the growth based on cell number of N. oceanicawas lowest in medium with ammonium nitrate and increased significantly in medium with ammonium carbonate. The microalgae treated with ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate had the highest total lipid contents, which were 90 and 87 %, respectively. The fatty acid profiles of the microalgawas significantly different.The major fatty acids incultures supplemented with ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate and urea, C14:0, C16:0, C16:1, C18:0, C18:1, C18:2, C20:5 and C22:6 were detected. However in culture supplemented with sodium nitrate, C16:1 had very small peak.

Lipids are long aliphatic hydrocarbon chains which are either branched or unbranched that can form rings and may have unsaturation. [8] They are products of animal or vegetable origin which are extracted with either ether, chloroform, benzene, petroleum, carbon disulfide. [6] They can be