As the RES penetration continue to grow in the power grid system, several sources for inertia to cover up the decrease in synchronous generator inertia is discussed.
In this thesis we are going to discuss how some types of storage systems can work out to be very similar to synchronous inertia response (mainly depends on utilizing time), these are the storage systems technologies that are most applicable in inertia generating/Emulating application from the thesis point of view as other storage technologies are either not technologically mature enough or they have expansion capabilities limitations due to environmental and geographical reasons such as pumped hydro.
We can generate synthetic inertia from some types of decoupled RES such as
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Kinetic energy is extracted by a generator during discharge which is driven by the inertia of the flywheel resulting in the deceleration of the flywheel. flywheels properties are:
Very high cycle life
\item Very high power density
\item Average energy density
\item Very high self-discharge rate
\item High number of charging-discharging cycles and only short storing periods (neither charging nor discharging)
\item They absorb energy during the regenerative braking phases and feed power back during acceleration phases
And they have the below parameters:
Round-trip efficiency equals to 80\% - 95\%, Depth of discharge equals to 75\%, Self-discharge equals to 5 to 15\%/hour, Power installation cost equals to 300 \EUR/kW, Energy installation cost (high speed flywheel) equals to 1,000 \EUR/kWh, Deployment time is about 10 ms \cite{ISEA}.
This makes flywheel very suitable for high power short period application as in emulating inertia.
Examining the power density and energy density compared to batteries we will find a much higher cycle life and power density capabilities and a much lower energy density.
It is acceptable to say that comparing power density and energy density super capacitors is located between classical capacitors and batteries.
Important parameters for our study: Round-trip efficiency equals to 90\% - 94\%, Depth of discharge equals to 75\%,
The performance of solar panels has also increased by 50% in the last six years. (Sunedison.com)
With the foundation of the battery’s origin understood, a basic understanding of how a battery works is needed to see how new resources improved upon it.
This book is divided into several chapters; some of the chapters are relevant to my research question. They include: the history of electric cars up to 1990, controls and power electronics, energy sources 2-other technologies and more. All these chapters, the main once are chapter 7, 8 and 9. I decided to put more attention on these chapters since it will make me understand how hybrid electric cars generate electricity.
Armand, Michel, and J-M. Tarascon. "Building Better Batteries." Nature, vol. 451, no. 7179, (2008): 652-657.
In this section I will be discussing the product’s life cycle and its energy demand, the electrical parts and other parts included in our disassembled product, how they were manufactured, what their uses are, the products energy efficiency along with its measurements and calculations, obsolescence technology and what happens after it, how can renewable energy be implemented into our product and its positive impact on it, the advantages and disadvantages of our product and finally recycling of motor and/or heating elements and how they affect the product.
Photovoltaic cell is of grate impart in the Morden market of electrical generating sector, commonly used by industries and private home etc. as a source of electricity , which have been of existence since , 1950s ‘Inventors at Bell Labs (Daryl Chapin, Calvin Fuller, and Gerald Pearson) developed a more efficient PV cell (6%)
This report contains details from three lab experiments performed using a synchronous machine for both a motor and a generator. The fundamental principle of a synchronous machine is that the electrical frequency is related to the mechanical frequency. The first lab performed consisted of doing two different tests, the open-circuit and short-circuit tests, respectively. By performing these two basic tests, it can be determined the armature voltage and current changes drastically with each test. The second lab performed required to use the synchronous machine as a generator. When acting like a generator, it becomes necessary to
The energy storage field is ripe for investment and investments now can not only lead to financial returns in the future, but doing so can help usher in an industry that may just be able to put the energy sector on a path towards zero carbon emissions while improving grid reliability and security. Think about the boom of the plastics industry following the electrification of the United States, which coincided with the boom of the oil industry. Now fast-forward to today with discussions surrounding microgrid electrification aided in part by the acceleration of solar pho- tovoltaic (PV) and wind turbine renewable energy installations. In terms of rapid growth and in- vestment opportunity, the storage industry today is analogous to the plastics industry of the 1930s. Storage is a field that is born from the coinciding boom of a new type of energy generation (renewable) and a new system for electrification (microgrids).
Thus the fundamental output of a reciprocating internal combustion engine can be considered to be torque – it is theoretically produced even when engine speed ( RPM ) is zero.
Countries around the world are on their way to dealing with the unbalanced environment of the current days which also can be the cause of the increment in the incidences of natural disasters. Aware of what is occurring, the scientific community is doing research to provide solutions to this long term problem. Therefore, new ways of interacting with nature have been studied. Some scientists think the problem can be somewhat solved by efficiently harvesting energy from new sources. Thus, to address friendly environmental energy storage requirements, certain nanotechnological devices, such as batteries, solar cells, and supercapacitors, have been developed, yet these creations still commonly present two technical setbacks: the sustainability
Renewable power systems, which are capable of harvesting energy from, for example, solar cells, fuel cells, wind, and thermoelectric generators, are found in many applications such as hybrid electric vehicles, satellites, traffic lights, and powering remote communication systems. Since the output power of renewable sources is stochastic and the sources lack energy storage capabilities, energy storage systems such as a battery or a super capacitor are required to improve the system dynamics and
other environmental issues. Second, the slow growth in the capacity of the wireless terminal batteries
The high speed of engines and other machine is a common phenomenon now a day. so its essential that all the rotating and reciprocating should be completely balanced as far as possible. If these parts are not properly balanced, the dynamic forces are set up. In this apparatus we shall balancing the unbalanced forces caused by rotating masses, in order to minimize the pressure on the main bearings when an engine is running.
The amount of fresh charge brought in during idling is much less than that during full throttle operation. The presence of exhaust gas tends to obstruct the contact of fuel and air particles a requirement necessary for satisfactory combustion. The richening of mixtures increases
1.4.5 Power efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .