Exercise Lab Report

The purpose of this experiment was to be able to test different intensities of warm-up conditions changes in the heart rate, skin temperature, electromyogram (EMG), and the contraction of the bicep brachii. Testing three different intensity conditions to determine which warm-up is more efficient on muscle conditioning. Bicep stretches, cardio, and aerobic stretching were the three different conditions because they focused on different muscles in the body. The warm-up that is able to efficiently deliver more oxygenated blood to the muscle is the most affective. Therefore, the predictions is that aerobic stretching will enhance muscle performance of the bicep brachii. This will happen because aerobic stretching is a high intensity warm-up that increases heart rate and cardiac output.

Introduction: In this experiment, cardiovascular fitness is being determined by measuring how long it takes for the test subjects' to return to their resting heart rate. Cardiovascular fitness is the ability to "transport and use oxygen while exercising" (Dale 2015). Cardiovascular fitness utilizes the "heart, lungs, muscles, and blood working together" while exercising (Dale 2015). It is also how well your body can last during moderate to high intensity cardio for long periods of time (Waehner 2016). The hypothesis is that people who exercise for three or more days will return to their resting heart rate much faster than people who only exercise for less than three days.

Enhancing cardiac output allows you to maintain lower heart rates during physical activity. For example, at the start of a program you may have a heart rate of 150 beats per minute while running at a 6 mph pace. After three or more months of training increased cardiac output enables you to sustain the same running intensity at a lower heart rate such as 125 beats per

Exercising: Exercising is not only beneficial for the individual engaging in it, but for the whole society. Exercising is scientifically proven to lower disease and improve happiness. When a society is more happy they engage in more positive behavior. A society that is more engaged will more likely advocate for justice and the well being of others.

Exercise and physical activity deliver oxygen and nutrients to your tissues and help your cardiovascular system work more efficiently.

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According to Mayo Clinic, “exercise benefits every part of your body, it helps you feel better, have more energy, and contributes to your life expectancy.” (Mayo, 2011).

The effects of heart rate on differing durations of exercise were studied in this experiment. For people, heart rate tends to increase as they perform physical exercises. The amount of beats per minute gradually increases as people perform physical activities. Heart rates taken before exercise are relatively low, and heart rates taken one minute after exercise increase significantly. Heart rates slowly begin to decrease after they are taken two minutes and three minutes after performing the step test, which is to be expected. The rates of intensity throughout exercise relates with changes in heart rate throughout the step test performed in the experiment (Karvonen 2012). The age of the participants affected the experiment, since the heart rate during physical exercise, in this case the step test, is affected by age (Tulppo 1998).

Method and results - The study was compiled of seven female students from the University of Huddersfield. For the exercise a step was used, a polar heart rate monitor was used for each participant with an independent assessor timing the participants, and recording the readings. Results of the study showed there was an increase in heart rate when performing mild exercise.

The effects of exercise on blood pressure, heart rate, respiration rate and electrical activity of the heart were assessed. The measurements of respiration rate, pulse rate and blood pressures were noted as described in Harris-Haller (2016). Data was first taken from subjects in a relaxed position and then followed by sets of reading after exercising based on one minute intervals. The data also noted sitting ECG traces from Harris-Haller (2016). The respiratory rate, pulse, blood pressure, P wave, QRS complex and T wave were defined for each subject. The class average was calculated for males and females and graphed to illustrate the results by gender for each cardiopulmonary factor.

As the intensity of exercise increased, so did the rates of the heart and breathing. After a small period of rest, the heart rate and breathing rate both decreased to a point close to their resting rate. This proved the stated hypothesis. First, the hearts average resting rate was recorded to be 76 bpm. The heart is therefore transporting oxygen and removing carbon dioxide at a reasonably steady rate via the blood. During the low intensity exercise (Slow 20) the heart rate increases to 107 bpm, which further increases to 130bpm at a higher intensity level (Fast 20). The heart therefore needs to beat faster to increase the speed at which oxygen is carried to the cells and the rate at which carbon dioxide is taken away by the blood.

Exercise, or physical activity helps your body in many ways. For example, exercise helps control the weight of a human. It helps prevent people gaining unwanted weight and helps people who have unwanted weight to lose it. (mayoclinic.com) When we eat, we are taking in calories, and then when we exercise we burn off

The literature on the effects of exercise of cardiac output maintains the idea that exercise should affect cardiac output- pulse rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, QRS-pulse lag, P-T and T-P intervals, because of increased heart rate. For our experiment, we tested this theory by measuring our cardiac output before and after some rigorous exercise. We measured the individual cardiac output and then combined the data to compose a class-wide data average. We compared the results of the experiment to what we expected, which was that exercise does affect our heart. Our data from this experiment supported the notion that exercise does, in fact, change cardiac output.

I predict that during exercise the heart and respiratory rate (RR) will increase depending on the intensity of exercise and the resting rates will be restored soon after exercise has stopped. I believe that the changes are caused by the increased need for oxygen and energy in muscles as they have to contract faster during exercise. When the exercise is finished the heart and ventilation rates will gradually decrease back to the resting rates as the muscles’ need for oxygen and energy will be smaller than during exercise.

The heart rate is a measurement of how many times the heart beats in a minute. Physically fit people tend to have a lower heart rate and during intense exercise tend to have lower rates as well. A decrease of heart rate at both rest and at fixed intensity of sub-maximal exercise [7] occurs a few months after an exercise program is begun. One’s heart rate reflects the amount of work the heart must do to meet an increase of demands of the body when engaged in activity. Heart Rate tends to increase proportionally with intensity oxygen uptake [16].