Fe3o4 @ Sio2-Therapeutic Analysis

The purpose of this experiment was to synthesize t-pentyl chloride from the reaction of t-pentyl alcohol and concentrated HCl. This reaction occurred through an SN1 reaction, a unimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction. This was a First Order Rate Reaction where the rate of t-pentyl chloride was dependent only on the concentration of t-pentyl alcohol. After the reaction was completed, the products were achieved via 3 liquid-liquid extractions and then after by simple distillation. In the liquid- liquid extractions a solute was transferred from one solvent to another. Then in the simple distillation the miscible liquids or the solution, was separated by differences in boiling points. After this the product was determined through infrared spectroscopy.

Using SN1 reaction mechanism with hydrochloric acid, t-Pentyl alcohol was converted to t-Pentyl chloride in an acid catalyzed reaction. The reaction took place in a separatory funnel designed to separate immiscible liquids. The crude product was extracted by transferring a solute from one solvent to another. The process of washing the solutions by phase transfer was used in order to remove impurities from the main solvent layer. Finally, the crude product was dried with anhydrous Calcium chloride and purified once more by simple distillation technique.

Reaction 1 involved a primary alcohol (OH), weak leaving group in the starting material and a reaction with a strong nucleophile (sodium bromide) and a polar protic solvent (sulfuric acid). The reaction was carried out through reflux and the product had a relatively high yield (75%) (Scheme 1).

The purpose of this experiment is to examine the reactivities of various alkyl halides under both SN2 and SN1 reaction conditions. The alkyl halides will be examined based on the substrate types and solvent the reaction takes place in.

In this preparative lab, an aldol (trans-p-anisalacetophenone) was produced from the reaction between p-anisaldehyde and acetophenone with the presence sodium hydroxide. The reaction also showed the importance of an enolate and the role it played in the mechanism. Sodium hydroxide acts as a catalyst in this experiment and is chosen because of its basic conditions and pH. The acetophenone carries an alpha hydrogen that has a pKa between 18 and 20. This alpha hydrogen is acidic because of its location near the carbonyl on acetophenone. When the sodium hydroxide is added, it deprotonates the hydrogen and creates an enolate ion. This deprotonation creates a nucleophilic carbon that can attack an electrophilic carbon (like a parent

The goal of this experiment was to synthesize an alkene (4-methylcyclohexene) from an alcohol (4-methylcyclohexanol) by dehydration. The reaction, consist of 4-methylcyclohexanol, phosphoric acid, and sulfuric acid, was refluxed at a given time frame. The product was isolated by distillation and purified by adding sodium chloride to help the extraction. The final product had a 125% yield and was characterized by the IR spectroscopy and chemical reaction. The alkene resulted in a colorless liquid after adding molecular bromine dissolved in dichloromethane.

Discussion Spectral data indicate that the reaction did not go to completion due to the presence of starting material. The IR spectrum contained a broad peak approximately at 3500 cm-1, characteristic of an alcohol

The use of methanol to dissolve any lingering impurities following the drying phase helped conclude that the molecular sieves produced the greatest amount of pure product followed by sodium sulfate with the monitor reaction containing no water trapping reagent having the least amount. Introduction The nucleophilic addition reaction of an aldehyde with an amine gave rise to an imine with the addition of heat or an acid or base catalyst being used to speed up the product separation or removal of water to complete the reaction. The amine acted as a nucleophile and attached itself to the aldehyde, or carbonyl group.

The aldol addition reaction, may involve the nucleophilic addition of a ketone enolate to an aldehyde. Once created, the aldol product loses a molecule of water to form an a, B-unsaturated carbonyl compound which is called aldol condensation. A variety of nucleophiles may be in the aldol reaction, involving the enols, enolates, and enol ethers of ketones, aldehydes, and many carbonyl compounds. The electrophilic partner is more than likely an aldehyde or ketone. When nucleophile and electrophile are different, the reaction is called a crossed aldol reaction; on the contrary, the reaction is called an aldol dimerization when the nucleophile and electrophile are the same.

MRI have becoming increasingly popular methods of medical imaging over the years. Compared to X-ray, ultrasound or computed tomography (CT) scan, MRI provides more information about the structures in the body and it is considered to be safer. Using contrast material during MRI scan can show certain structures more clearly, and increase the odd of detecting abnormal tissues [1]. Superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) particles are currently the most preferred material [2]. These superparamagnetic agents are extremely strong enhancers of proton relaxation and have been the subject of extensive research over the past decade [3]. Applications of SPIO have ranged from detecting inflammatory

6.3 Experimental - schematic representation and procedure for the synthesis of compounds V1-17 6.3.1 Synthesis of 6-nitro-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-2-thiol II (step 1) Ethanol (40 ml) and potassium hydroxide (0.01 mol, 56.11 gm/mol, 0.56 gm in 2 ml H2O) were taken in a dry round bottom flask. 4-nitrobenzene-1,2- diamine I (0.01 mol, 153.14 gm/mol, 1.53 gm) was added to it and stirred well to get a clear solution. Carbon disulfide (0.02 mol, 76.14 gm/mol, 1.2 mL) was added to the clear solution obtained above and refluxed for 12 -15 h. The ethanol was distilled off and then cooled to room temperature. The content was poured into water and acidified with diluted HCl till the precipitates were separated.

In the figure above showed the mechanism of synthesizing methyl eugenol from eugenol. In order to successfully synthesize methyl eugenol, the eugenol went under an SN2 reaction where the potassium carbonate and the tetrabutylammonium bromide deprotonated the phenolic group of the eugenol. Once the phenolic group deprotonated, the conjugate base of eugenol attacks the dimethyl carbonate and that caused a substitution reaction with methyl carbonate, creating methyl eugenol. The mechanism regarding the synthesis of 2-allyl-4,5-dimethoxyphenol and trans-coniferyl alcohol (sex pheromones) was made due to the breakdown of methyl eugenol (pheromone precursor) through bacteria dorsalis enzymes.

“Maria Isabel, a 15-year-old student who worked in a shop, was raped and tortured; her body was found in a bag, tied with barbed wire, her face disfigured and her nails torn out.” (Prieto-Carron, Thomson, and Macdonald, p.25)

The key aim of this experiment was to determine the rate equation for the acid-catalysed iodination of acetone and to hence consider the insinuations of the mechanism of the rate equation obtained.

My Research work My current objective is to understand and develop methods for thermal reactions involving iodobenzene (IB) and phenyl acetylene (PA) as reactants and a cross coupled product Di-phenyl acetylene with copper metal nanostructures (spheres-assumed in this work) as catalyst (100-200nm),base and solvents such as potassium carbonate, cesium carbonate and Dimethylformamide (DMF), ethanol respectively. There could be many other reactions but predominantly two side reactions which can form homocoupling products 1,1’-biphenyl(BP) and 2-phenyl ethynyl benzene(DPDA) in the order of the reactnats mentioned. Copper is very selective for cross coupling product if both the reactants are available and favors homocoupling if either of them