Frontier War Research Paper

The history wars of Australia is an area of great controversial debate. Throughout the course of Australian history, the public has been mainly subjected to one perspective that focused on the glorifying moments of European settlement and its progress such as its involvement in world wars and the transition of the nation into a globalised continent. As a result, there is a rigid dichotomy between the perceptions of white Australians and the indigenous population on subjects such as the colonisation or invasion of Australia. History told from the perspective of Aboriginal people greatly contrasts what is written in the history books and also what is exposed or encouraged towards the public. It focuses on the dispossession of indigenous people, the massacres and the attempted eradication of culture. This view of Australian history has been labeled as 'black armband history', which was first used during an interview by a historian, Geoffrey Blainey.

The Myall Creek Massacre in Colonial Australia was caused by arising conflict from British imperialism as the greed for land and goods caused the English to disregard the rights of the Australian natives. In pursuit of resources and Newmarket’s, Britain colonised the majority of the world and the ramifications of this have continued into today. Firstly, upon colonising the land, settlers were continuing to ship convicts to Australia, due to America refusing the convicts after the War of Independence. The tensions that arose as a result of British colonisation culminated several episodes of conflict such as the Myall Creek Massacre. This event occurred as the result of escalating tensions between white settlers and the Aborigines which

The Seven Years War, also known as the French and Indian war, was a conflict fought between 1765 and 1763. It was between Great Britain and France. “ In the early 1750’s, French expansion into the Ohio River Valley brought France into armed conflict with the British colonies.” The signing of the Treaty of Paris and Hubertusburg ensured that the “colonial and maritime supremacy of Britain strengthened the 13 colonies.” This war, to a great extent, marked a turning point in the relationship between the colonies and Britain due to taxes, and land.

As a result of the Europeans killing their people and stealing their land, the Aborigines did fight back. Even though settlers seemingly had much better weapons, Indigenous Australians had a much better understanding of the land they lived on and had other means of resisting the ways of the Europeans. Pemulwuy, for example, was respected by both his people, and the white men who opposed him. He fought for the lives of his people, to protect them and preserve the beliefs and practices that the Europeans wanted to eradicate. The Indigenous Australians’ culture is still often taught and practiced these days, so even though Pemulwuy was murdered in 1802, along with many others, the impact of their efforts was necessary for the development of the Australian multicultural society.

During the Frontier period, Indigenous peoples resisted the non-Indigenous settlement of Australia, throughout 1770-1890. During approximately throughout the 1890’s to 1970’s, the non-Indigenous retaliations occurred, resulting in protection, segregation and the stolen generations. Which initiated an ongoing impact on Indigenous communities.

-European settlement caused many conflicts, where it is estimated that at least 20,000 Indigenous people were killed from the direct result of colonial violence during this era. Between 2,000-2,500 settler deaths resulted from frontier conflict during the same period. The number difference is quite large and this may be because the technology the British were much more advanced. There was also scenarios, like the massacre in Myall Creek, which the Aboriginals

Also the population rapidly decreased because of “indiscriminate slaughter… and punitive expeditions” (Encyclopaedia of Australia, 1973)

After this time, many atrocities occurred, such as the fact that Aboriginals were often killed for sport, and massacres such as Myall Creek were occurring, where 28 Aboriginal men, women and children were murdered near Myall Creek Station in 1838. There was also the problem of the Stolen Generation, when Aboriginal children were forcibly taken from their homes to be raised as though they were white. It was only recently in 2008, that Kevin Rudd, the Prime Minister of Australia at the time, apologised for the actions that the government had undertaken. In another apologetic move, Prime Minister Paul Keating delivered a powerful speech regarding the fact that Aboriginal Communities were still segregated despite the fact that laws had been changed a number of years ago. This shows that the idea of atonement by Australia is quite a new topic. Does this prove the challenges that Aboriginal’s faced nearly 200 years ago are still present in today’s society? It was enough to force the Aboriginal men, women and children to begin act in support of their rights.

​The Great Sioux War or The Black Hills War (1876- 1877) was a series of battles trying to force the Sioux and Cheyenne people back into the Great Sioux Reservation. In 1868, the Treaty of Laramie was signed by Sioux leaders to give up their lands and move west onto the reservations. In 1874 LTC George Custer was tasked to reconnoiter the Black Hills (part of the Sioux reservation). His primary task was to survey the land and look for natural resources during a time of great economic depression. After the discovery of gold in the Black Hills, rumors spread and miners flooded into the hills. Lakota Warrior, Crazy Horse, led many attacks on LTC Custer’s surveying parties in the hills. Crazy Horse and his warriors were trying to keep the white

The battle between the settlers and Aborigines increased when Macquarie became Governor and believed that the Aborigines should be civilised. This is another way of saying to convert Aboriginal ways into European ways. Macquarie tried very hard to teach new techniques or educating them however these failures made him very mad and desperate. In his perspective the rightful last resort was to put the Aboriginal land and people under his control by saying anyone is permitted to shoot Aborigines if they retaliated or resisted.

|In 1754, George Washington, a lieutenant colonel, was dispatch to the Ohio Country with an armed force to |French and Indian War Research Paper |

“Many historians consider the Battle of King's Mountain on October 7, 1780 to be the turning point in America's War for Independence.” (hankla)

The American Civil War was one of the deadliest wars in American history, resulting in 620,000 casualties of soldiers and undetermined number of civilian casualties. Southern slave states declared their withdrawal from United States and formed the Confederate States of America; also know as “The Confederacy.” Northern twenty states free of slavery and five slave states in north came to knows as the Union. Many strategy and tactics were used during the American Civil War. In order to understand the military strategy and tactics of Union and the Confederacy, one must understand the manpower each side had, previous war experience of the commanding officers on both side, and using rivers and railroad to their advantages.

In 1788 the first Fleet arrived in Australia bringing European soldierse, convicts and settlers. This bought aboriginals in contact with white people for the first time. Some aboriginal groups tried to resist this occupation and they used violence and force the archive it. This essay will explain why that resistance was justified by examining the causes, identifying some examples of Indigenous resistance and will assess short and long term effects of this conflict.

The process of colonisation by European powers, as might be expected, has had a radical effect on Aboriginal culture. The settlers viewed the natives as barbarians, seizing tribal land and, in many cases, following a policy of pacification by force. Many others died of disease, starvation, cultural dislocation and neglect. Today, there are fewer than 230,000 Aborigines in Australia, less than 2% of the population.