Gender And Smoking Essay

Schneiderman, N., Ironson, G., & Siegel, S. D. (2005). STRESS AND HEALTH: Psychological, Behavioral, and Biological Determinants. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1,

This assignment will explore the concept of stress by firstly distinguishing between the definitions set out by Selye 919560 and Cox (1976). Following this assignment will critically evaluate the General Adaption Syndrome, SRRS and Daily Hassles explanations of stress and finally, conclude with a discussion on individual differences based on Friedman and Rosenman’s research.

This essay will consider how each of the 5 psychological perspectives explain smoking. I will cover the psychodynamic, the behaviouristic, the biological, the cognitive and the humanistic approach.

Stress can come from anything we do in our daily lives, even if it is a positive or negative change. To measure the amount of stress a single event can cause two men named Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe came up with the Social Readjustment Rating Scale. Over time this scale has been modified to accommodated for

(February 2014) Similar to this study I used a stress scale although, I reduced mine to a scale between: 1-5. “5” being the highest level of stress. The Stress in America study used a Perceived Stress Scale that participants self-monitored their stress levels by answering where they would answer such questions as “how often have you felt irritable and angry in the last month” and they could answer,(very often, sometimes, never etc.) For my purposes I asked myself the following three questions and used the following rating system to determine my stress levels that day.(Angus, n.d.)

We all deal with theses hassles different however they all result in some kind of stress resulting in health issues. In occurrence with this stamens : researchers have found that the daily hassles people experience is a better predictor of physical illness”. Theses hassles that we all experience build up in our body as stress over time that lead to health problems including feeling “drained. grump and stressed out”. Gender can also play a part in what one stresses about and how each deals with stress. Women are more likely to stress about friends and family, leading them to deal with it by discussions with their partner. However men stress typically about work or school, leading them to simply withdraw to sustain from getting more stressed. Even though work stress is typical see in more men than women it does produce “ a significant toll on your physical health”. For instance a college student who works harder and works harder than average can burnt out leading to feeling exhausted, angry, inadequate. These work burnouts can be prevented when there is a “sense of community”, “positive work environment”, and also “team work”. These ideas allow people to not feel so exhausted and to deviate work if needed

The higher the score the less stressful the week was, and the less the score the more stressful your week has been. This stress scale has really opened the eyes of individuals based on how just one intervention can change the stress scale score tremendously. The Perceived Stress Scale is very valuable when determining how stressed and individual is each week. Cohen (1994) stated, “ A Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) is supposed to very effective, easy to understand, and alternatives are easy to grasp.” So, therefore, the PSS helps evaluate the stress levels of individuals per

Stress has been linked to hypertension, heart attacks, diabetes, asthma, chronic pain, allegeries, headaches, skin disorders, cancer, immune system weakness and decrease blood count (Cummings et al, 2005). It has also been linked to an increase risk of alcoholism and drug use. High levels of stress can lead to higher absenteeism, larger staff turnover and low productivity. The symptoms are evident in the quantitative data, with an

Our book describes stress as “any circumstances that threaten or are perceived to threaten one’s well-being and tax one’s coping ability” (Weiten, 2014). Stress is not necessarily a traumatic, life destroying event. It can be as simple a small change in one’s daily schedule. People will have multiple stresses throughout their lifetime. Some will be little and daily, but overtime these add up and can affect you in many ways. Stress can be positive or negative and can take many forms; a few being frustration, internal conflict, change, and pressure. All of which make almost a daily appearance in my life (Weiten, 2014).

As Americans, we seemed to be obsessed with stress. Every single one of us our crazy about it no matter how much it makes life a living heck. Hassles’s Scale shows that little hassles throughout life cause more stress on a person than a major event. This seems to make more sense simply because even though major events cause great deals of stress, daily stresses are an everyday occurance for a person. Daily stress includes everyday life,such as irritating, frustrating experiences and relationships that someone might have with a person. Major events can cause stress on a person for a very long time depending on the situation and what happened to them, but daily stress is something that happens every day. This is something that builds up after

They claimed that, rather than major life changes, it is day-to-day hassles or small uplifts that determine our overall levels of stress. It has been found that found that high scores on 'hassles' - for example, being stuck in traffic or minor arguments with partner - correlated with symptoms of anxiety disorders and depression. Personality and stress In the 1970s, Friedman and Rosenman carried out a nine-year study of 1000 people to try to find out if personality type affected stress levels.

Stress is one of the number one causes that contribute to people’s health problems. According to Weber.edu, “in Healthy People 2000, a report from the U.S.

The effects of cigarette smoking can be horrifying. Smoking is dangerous not only to those who smoke, but to non-smokers and unborn children as well. Cigarette smoking is also physically and socially harming.

The tobacco industry is important to the economy. In 1991, worldwide tobacco sales exceeded $59.8 billion and in 1992 the industry was rated as one of the top one hundred advertisers (Pechmann and Ratneshwar, 1994). However, there are high prices to pay - socially, economically, and personally - as a result of this industry. Annual mortality figures indicate that cigarette smoking is the number one cause of preventable death in the United States. An estimated 390,000 people die each year of smoke related illnesses, which is greater than the combined mortality for cocaine, crack, AIDS, homicide, suicide, and alcohol abuse (Botvin, G., Baker, Botvin, E., Dusenbury, Cardwell, and Diaz, 1993).

Cigarette smoking is something people all over the world have been doing for about 2000 years. Back in 2003, the first electronic cigarette was successfully created by a gentleman named Hon Lik. Lik was a 52 year old pharmacist at the time, whom of which was also a smoker. The inspiration behind making the electronic cigarette came after Lik’s father passed away from lung cancer due to him also being a heavy smoker. “A Historical Timeline of Electronic Cigarettes.” cassia.org. Consumer Advocates for Smoke Free Alternatives Association, 15 June 2017. The idea behind creating this device was to give smokers a way to still ingest nicotine, the most addictive chemical in tobacco cigarettes, without the countless negative health effects that