Gynecologic Cancer

Most cancers are named for where they start. For example, Ovarian cancer begins in the ovaries and breast cancer starts in the breast. Breast cancer is the most common cancer that happens to affect women worldwide. Women can still get Ovarian cancer even if their ovaries have been removed.

In US cervical cancer is ranked 13th most common cancer in women and 4th among women between 15 to 44 years.

Risk factor: Pregnancy- women who have their first pregnancy before the age 17 are twice more likely to develop cervical cancer (CDC, 2000).

There many possible causes of ovarian cancer or any cancer. One of the many possible causes of ovarian cancer is an inherited gene mutation which means it has been passed down to you from family genes. Other possible causes of ovarian cancer is age (after menopause is when there are the most cases of ovarian cancer), infertility or fertility treatment, breast cancer, obesity or overweight with a BMI of 30, or endometriosis.

Researchers have discovered several specific risk factors that could change a women’s likelihood of developing ovarian cancer. The risk of developing ovarian cancer as you get older is very likely. Most of the time ovarian cancer is seen in women who are over 40 or after they have hit menopause. Researchers have looked for the relationship between obesity and ovarian cancer and

The fourth most common cancer in women worldwide happens to be Cervical Cancer. It also has the fourth highest mortality rate among cancers in women.

Epithelium Ovarian Cancer is one of the most common forms of cancer in women and ranks at the number 5 cause of death relating to cancer in the United States in women (Bristow 2013). Out of all the common gynecological diseases ovarian cancer is the most lethal with an average of 240,000 new cases of ovarian cancer per year and 152,000 deaths every year (Mezzanica 2015; Hong et al. 2013). Most women are diagnosed around the age of 63, but diagnosis is not limited to older or younger women. Ovarian Cancer makes up 90% of all ovarian diseases, and is the main diagnosed disease of women after menopause (Jelovac and Armstrong 2011). “A woman’s risk of getting invasive ovarian cancer in her lifetime is about 1 in 71 and the lifetime risk of dying from invasive ovarian cancer is about 1 in 95”

Cervical Cancer is a type of cancer that is caused by an abnormal growth of cells in a woman’s cervix. The cells reproduce very rapidly and can become cancerous or remain benign. Every woman is considered at risk for developing this form, but it is seen more in women who are 30 years or older. Around 12,000 women will get cervical cancer each year (CDC, 2012). No one wants to hear a that they have a diagnosis of cancer, but the good news is that with early diagnosis and treatment survival rates for women with cervical cancer are extremely high. Here we will discuss risk factor, signs and symptoms, prevention, and treatments for cervical cancer.

As many as 1,400 women in Canada are diagnosed with cancer of the cervix each year. More than 400 die from it (Mah et al, 2011).

BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 are gene mutations long associated with high risk for breast and ovarian cancer. Now, researchers at the University of Pennsylvania have found new evidence that it might also predict treatment resistance in ovarian cancers.

Cervical cancer is a physiological disorder that affects a female’s reproductive system (more specifically the womb and the cervix).

According to the American Cancer Society, Each year, more than 200,000 women are diagnosed with breast cancer; furthermore Twelve percent of all women will contract the disease, and 3.5% of them will die from breast cancer (American Cancer Society, 2005). There are risk factors that may lead to breast cancer. There are 4 stages of breast cancer and several treatments, although treatments vary from types and stages of breast cancer. Breast cancer is the leading cause of death among women who are 40 to 55 years old (Breast Cancer, 2009).Cancer occurs when cells divide uncontrollably. It changes from a normal cell to cancerous cells that require gene alterations. Therefore the altered genes and the uncontrolled growth may lead to tumors.

The National Institute of Health (INH), defines cervical cancer as abnormal growth of cells in the cervix due to Human Papilloma Virus (HPV). Anatomically the cervix is the lower, narrow end of the uterus, (the organ where a fetus grows). The cervix leads from the uterus to the vagina, (Bruner and Suddath 11th ed). Reports by the Washington Department of Health, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and World Health Organization (WHO), states that cervical cancer is one of the deadliest, but, most easily preventable form of cancer for women. It claims 270 000 deaths annually, 85% occur in developing countries.

Most of ovarian cancer cases happen in patients that over 65 years, and the risk increases for post-menopausal patients compared to pre-menopausal patients. Another cause of ovarian cancer is the higher number of total lifetime ovulations. There are four main factors that influence the total ovulations. The first factor is never having been pregnant. The patient who has never been pregnant has higher risk of developing cancer than who has become pregnant. The risk probably will decrease if the patient has become pregnant several times. The second factor is never having taken the contraceptive pill. A study found that the patient who took the pill for 15 years will probably reduce the risk of cancer by 50%. The third factor is early start of menstruation (early menarche). The fourth factor is late start of menopause. Moreover, the patients who have been diagnosed with breast cancer have a higher risk of developing ovarian cancer. Additionally, obesity increases the risk of developing not only ovarian cancer but also many types of cancer. The risk increases by increasing of the weight. In addition, there are several studies have shown that obese cancer patients are more probable to have faster advancing cancer than cancer patients of normal

In the United States, it is one of the eight-most common cancer of women. According to researches, the data shows that Hispanic women are significantly more likely to be diagnosed with cervical cancer than the general population and their median age at diagnosis is 48. In 1998, about 12,800 women were diagnosed in the US and about 4,800 died. Among cancers of the female reproductive tract, it is less common than endometrial cancer and ovarian cancer. The rates of new cases in the United States was 7 per 100,000 women in 2004. Cervical cancer deaths decreased by approximately 74% in the