Halo-Horns Effect: A Summary And Analysis

Everyone has primacy effects to the person that he or she first meets, maybe base on the dressing, behaviors, even hair style. People always want to give others a good first impression, especially searching for a job or having an interview, because sometimes it is hard to change the formed first impression, and this first impression may decide whether they can have jobs or not. However, the absolute thing does not exist in the world. A bias named recency effect comes out. Recency effect is something may leads people to change the first impression. Perhaps just a casually action, or an accumulated over a long period hard working, the first impression will be changed. For example, Cady has a not bad impression on Regina, for Regina is really beautiful and cute, like a Barbie doll. But everything changes after Regina seduces Aaron, who is the boy Cady really loves. The first impression is ruined, Cady becomes hating Regina, and wants to revenge

Much of the theoretical progress to explain recurring victimization has been focused on repeat victimization. The leading theories include state dependence theory, risk heterogeneity theory, lifestyle routine activities theory, and rational choice theory. Although these theories have different origins and have been applied to a variety of types of recurring victimization, many of the theoretical concepts have applicability across the different types of recurring victimization.

impressions made on other people weather we are in contact with them or not (194). In the book,

How first impressions are formed has been a subject of interest by many researchers in the area of psychology.

Many years ago in an interview I was asked if I spoke any languages, very excited I responded that I did, and when I have always seen this as an asset, it was not in this case. Although, I meet all the requirements stated by the job announcement, my interviewer stated, in so many words, that by having an accent in this area it was a disadvantage for me. In this case, the social perception of the halo effect was due to one trait, my accent.

When it comes to victimization there are many different theories and types of victims. Mendelsohn explains his theory through “situational victimization factors.” (Robert, 2013). Basically this boils down to the victim being at the wrong place, around other offenders, or in a high crime area. Hentig prefers to describe victims with “personal factors associated with victimization.” (Robert, 2013). Hentig believes things such as, a person’s social standing, childhood, or mental/emotional state determine their likely hood becoming a victim. Lastly we have Sellin and Wolfgang theory that situations determine someone becoming a victim.

The purpose of this study is to build upon previous research that examined the relationship between change blindness and eyewitness testimony in relation to the threat superiority hypothesis.

“ Accurate mental maps are essential to effective self-defense. You establish and refine them by learning about violent and predatory situations; how they happen, where and when they happen, who they are perpetrated by, and so on. This involves learning to recognize pre-assault patterns and developing inventory skills and strategies to resolve confrontations. In the book The Gift of Fear by Gavin De Becker, he quotes James Burke from the book The Day the Universe Changes. In it he states. “It is the brain which sees, not the eye. Reality is in the brain before it is experiences, or else signals we get from the eye would make no sense.” This truth underscores the value of having the pieces of the violence puzzle in our heads before we need them, for only then can we recognize survival signals.” It is important for a person to have the knowledge of awareness and the understanding of what to look for. If someone is oblivious to their surroundings and does not know what kind of signals they need to look for, they won’t understand them when they see them. However, if they know what to look for and practice awareness on a constant basis, they will be able to comprehend what their eyes

She recounts how she experienced a fear sensation when she saw the van, inducing a physiological reaction within her body as well as a strong desire to cross the street before she got too close to the van. She summarises how thoughts of abduction and child molestation ran through her head. Growing up Kampusch describes how she would see news stories about child abduction, molestation cases, rapes, murder of young girls and their parents’ pleas for them to return home. The impact of seeing others react emotionally can lead to vicarious arousal in an individual causing emotional-arousing thoughts and imagery (Bandura, 1994), explaining the fear response she experienced. Teachers even taught the class to never go anywhere with strangers, get into an unknown persons car and to cross to the other side of the street if something appeared strange which can also be used to explain the emotion arousing thoughts she experienced. Drawing from previous research findings of Niedenthal (2007) it is reasonable to imply that the teachers repetition of being abducted and the frequent news coverage, where going with a stranger is paired with negative associations such as molestation, rape and murder showing evidence of symbolic conditioning and learning through verbal instruction. Such conditioning can illicit anticipatory

According to Jeff Lipschultz, “Don’t Be A Victim of Interview Bias”, he shares many circumstances about Interview Bias and how to deal with them. A bias is an opinion about whether a person or idea is outstanding or inferior, that influence decisions. The article mentions eight biases which are can direct toward interviewees. Some biases can help candidates makes a good impression on the interviewer, such as The Halo Effect Bias, Stereotyping and Generalization Bias; Also, some others can be detrimental to the candidates, such as The Contrast Bias and The Gut Feeling Bias. However, a bias can generate by candidates; for example, Nonverbal Bias. Interviewer base biases on cognitive biases that cause them to evaluate the quality of the candidate

Research suggests the “…Halo error inflates within-rater observed correlations between dimensions because the idiosyncratic part of a rater’s overall impression (the halo error) affects ratings on all other rating dimensions” (Viswesvaran, Schmidet & Ones, 2005, p. 111). For example, the avalanche of resumes received at Worldwide Panel LLC for vacancies officials rejected several applicants just by asking them “What is your greatest weakness?”(Kreitner & Kinicki, 2013, p. 202). Another clear example is when one applicant answer was “I’m a perfectionist”, this made interviewers think he was not a good enough delegator and another applicant was too confident in his ability to get the job done well, so they were not chosen for the position (Kreitner

Nisbett and Timothy DeCamp Wilson (1977) in efforts to add supporting evidence to an ideal similar to the Halo Effect. They staged two interviews with participants where the interview in both was a man that had a distinct accent (Nisbett & Wilson,1977). The interviewer in one group was as charming as he could be in his “appearance and mannerisms and accent” (Nisbett & Wilson, 1977). In the other, he was instructed to basically act more strict and harsh to the subjects. The resulting difference in ratings of the interviewer’s personality and other factors by the participants spoke to how people immediately judge someone based on how they presented themselves through multiple characteristics.

The articles that I read discussed Social Perception. Social Perception was described as interpreting information about other people. If you feel that you are familiar with a person, you perceive to have a better understanding of that person intention. The pattern of thinking can affect a person’s perception of others. The social contexts, in which you meet someone, can play a

Besides the above mentioned social identity and stereotyping problem, we may also see some other perceptual errors given in the case, such as false-consensus effect. It is the tendency for people to project their way of thinking onto other people, or assume that everyone else thinks the same way they do. Gilman apparently overestimated the extent to which Beauport had beliefs and characteristics similar to his own.

It has been previously proven, that in the first few moments of meeting someone, we form an opinion of them. The problem with this idea is stereotypes. One of our society's biggest mistake is that we judge people based on what they look like, or how they act.