Head Loss Of A Pipe Flow

of it. Based on my training and experience I know this type of pipe to be

Another assumption we used was amid the calculation of the current pipeline amongst D and E. It was demonstrated that there was a prerequisite to convey an extra stream, and accordingly a new pipeline (looped) was required. A diameter was to be assumed for the new parallel pipeline. After two unsuccessful attempts with diameters of 0.3 m and 0.35 m, our third diameter of 0.38 m, successfully carried the additional flow rate of

The first pipelines were nothing special; they were short and sometimes made of wood. With their growing popularity into the 1860s, the quality control followed over the pipe manufacturing, switching from wrought iron to steal. (Pipeline 101, n.d.) Coming into the twenty-first century, the pipeline has still been playing a key role in the oil industry. Given, its importance to the oil industry it is important to understand how

Another factor is the Momentum Thickness, ϴ. It is defined as the thickness of a layer of freestream fluid carrying a momentum flow rate equal to the reduction in momentum flow rate caused by the formation of the boundary layer. Closer to the surface of the object, the flow is slower. This means that the momentum is also slower. ϴ is a measurement of the compensation that makes us the momentum flow rate that was lost due to the formation of the boundary layer. The momentum thickness is useful in determining the skin friction drag on a surface. [5] When deriving this equation it is assumed the flow is incompressible and steady. Momentum Thickness is an indication of Drag.

where A2 is the cross-sectional area of the throat, C is the coefficient of discharge (dimensionless), gc is the dimensional constant, Q is the volumetric rate of discharge measured at upstream pressure and temperature, w is the weight rate of discharge, p1 and p2 are the pressures at upstream and downstream static pressure taps, respectively, Y is a dimensionless expansion factor, β is the ratio of the throat diameter to pipe

start from science call aerodynamic to decrease the vehicle “air resistance” to go faster until it brings into our daily life, nowadays a lot of our daily object we own include streamlining, it may not necessary streamlining but very curvy line organic line and so on. The reason why streamlining is around us because streamline gives us sleek, clean and modern look. For example, a sharp angle chair and curved chair, most of the time people would prefer curvy chair not only for how its look but also its comfortable and its ergonomics. Other than that, streamlining is not just a curve shape or an angle its actually speak thousands of words, same as on the graphic, its speak a lot for the graphic/

The measuring of flow-volume loops (FVL) in laboratory settings during exercise are becoming increasingly popular to identify the limiting mechanics of ventilation (Johnson, Beck, Zeballos & Weisman, 1999a). The collection of a maximum flow-volume loop (MFVL) through a forced maximal maneuver at rest allows researchers to compare a baseline value with tidal loops obtained during exercise (Johnson et al., 1999a). Dominelli and Sheel state that MFVL provides information on an individual’s capability to produce volume and flow with respect to their mechanical ceilings (2012). Placing the respective tidal loops associated with different exercise intensities within a resting MFVL shows the difference in volumes during exercise and rest. An MFLV maneuver would yield the largest loop; whereas, the resting tidal loop would be the smallest (Johnson, Weisman, Zeballos & Beck, 1999b). Additionally, tidal loops during exercise will fit somewhere between resting and maximal tidal loops; increasing in volume as intensity increases; however, the loops still remain small in comparison to the MFVL (Johnson et al. 1999b). This aforementioned trend observed in healthy individuals during increasingly intense exercise is related to the lack of constraints on ventilation (Johnson et al. 1999b). Major factors responsible for limiting ventilation at rest and during exercise are bronchodilation and bronchoconstriction; these in turn affect total lung capacity (TLC)--a key measure with

On one side, many scientist believe that Marsh funnel is not a rheometer and it is only provide a relative measurements (Keloc Oil Field Group, 2006). This thought is not supported be recent studies showing that rheograms can be calculated via Marsh funnel (Guria et al., 2013; Balhoff et al., 2011; Pitt, 2000). Moreover Roussel and Roy (2004) contradict themselves, at the same time that claim

Slip-Off Slope: forms on the inside of a meander bend as a result of deposition in the slower flowing water.

Another assumption made by Izzard (1950), is that the flow depth from the beginning of the curb inlet to the end varies linearly along the curb inlet. This assumption in a real scenario may be flawed. To verify this, one would have to take depth measurements at numerous points along the curb inlet.

Alternatively, it can also be explained by referring to the equation , where the k value is constant while the hydraulic gradient i defined by i = ΔH/L increases because the head difference ΔH is constant while the flow length L becomes shorter when it gets closer to the barrier wall.

This lab demonstrated the head loss in pipe systems due to friction. It was performed by pumping water into the pipe systems, measuring flow rate and taking pressure differences. Last, a final calculation of the results of the head loss and all friction coefficients from the three different equations. Given that our friction coefficients matched closely with the values from the reference table means that our data was fairly accurate. The relative errors for the minor loss are a bit high, but this could be due to mathematical errors.

Another characteristic of any liquid is its attraction to a surface. It attaches itself to any surface and cannot be moved. The liquid in the “box” on the very surface of a pipe does not flow or move. It always remains stationary. The liquid in the “box” above it has to slide against it and that requires an amount of energy to overcome friction between the two “boxes”. The higher

If the pipe has silting or ragging issues, then a Laser Flow Meter should be used instead of the Area Velocity meter. The Laser Flow meter is a non-contact Doppler meter that provides all of the same information as the area velocity meter without having a sensor in the water. The benefit of this would be if the pipe has ragging issues or there is a lot of silting/debris that could potentially get stuck on the probe and cause the probe to not read the way it should be. This is a much more expensive option it would provide data without the worry of silt/debris or ragging of the pipe getting in the way. Costs for this type of meter are listed below.

To look at how the pressure drop changes when the average velocity is altered in a circular pipe and to plot a graph of Friction Factor versus Reynolds