Hemodynamics

The cardiovascular system has many functions, but just to name a few: 1-Oxygen and carbon

One of the most important systems in the body, keeping it alive, is the cardiovascular system. As a part of the circulatory system, the cardiovascular system pumps blood throughout the body through a network of many arteries and veins, providing it with nutrients and oxygen. Also, the cardiovascular fights infections and disease in the body and creates blood cells. Never the less, blood acts as a filtration system for the body and removes waste, cell debris, or bacteria from the bloodstream.

The cardiovascular system is the process of the heart pumping the blood around the body through blood vessels, arteries, veins and capillaries. The main functions of the system are to transport materials to and from the cells around the body, to assist in temperature, to keep the levels of fluid in the body at the correct level, to distribute heat around the body and to defend the body. This system is the heart, which is a muscle that pumps blood around the body through arteries, veins and capillaries. Blood transports oxygen to the body cells which helps them to metabolise energy in the body. During this process the blood is also getting rid of any waste products of respiration, carbon dioxide and water. Blood also helps to supply heat, hormones, nutrients, salts and urea around the body. The heart is placed in between the lungs which is protected by the rib cage and is the size of a fist.

Mr. Thomas’ has been diagnosed with an acute myocardial infarction (MI). A myocardial infarction is an “infarct of heart muscle caused by occlusion of one or more of coronary arteries” (Frucht, 2012 P.125). The common name for Mr. Thomas’ condition is a heart attack. A heart attack occurs if the flow of oxygen-rich blood to a section of heart muscle suddenly becomes blocked ( ). If the blood flow is not restored quickly, then that section of the heart muscle begins to die. Heart attacks have become the leading killer of both men and women in the United States. The main cause of heart attacks has

2.1 The heart is simple a pump which forces the blood around our bodies through the pipe work we call our arteries and veins. We can measure this force on our vascular system by measuring our blood

The blood circulates around the body. The heart contract and relax, this mechanism of heart makes the blood to flow in the arteries to the body from heart and come back from body to heart through veins. The arteries carry oxygenated blood or oxygen rich blood and the veins carry deoxygenated blood or oxygen poor blood. This flow creates the pressure on the arterial wall and the pressure that is exerted on the arterial wall is known as blood pressure. Blood pressure is expressed by the

Mr. Bellows is an overweight, 51-year-old with a long history of angina. He is known to your hospital and arrives in an ambulance with more severe symptoms than previous admissions. Mr. Farmer informs the ambulance crew, the Anginine tablets he has taken, have not provided any symptom relief.

Malignant hypothermia has many symptoms including bleeding, dark brown urine, low blood pressure, and a rapid heartbeat. Most patients will have the high body temperature of 105-113 Fahrenheit, muscle rigidity and stiffness, muscle pain, and sweating profoundly. These symptoms occur within one hour of the anesthetic or can take up to 12 hours to show. Some complications of MH include amputation, death, kidney failure, abnormal bleeding/blood clotting, swelling of the feet and hands,

The heart pumps blood vigorously through the vessels to all parts of the body, nourishing the organs

Firstly, the hemodynamics model centers around the heart as a pumping organ, utilizing changes in heart rate and stroke volume or both, as explained by Frank and Starling, to respond and adapt to changes in pressure or volume exerted on it, with pathological ventricular remodeling as the compensatory outcome of long-term increases in preload and excessive pressure (Johnson, 2014). Heart rate is up- and down-regulated by the sympathetic, respectively parasympathetic nervous system, and stroke volume is controlled by preload, the blood volume in the ventricles right before systole, by afterload, the ejection force determined from systemic vascular resistance and ventricular wall tension, and by the contractile ability of the heart muscle (Porth, 2015). The contractility of the actin and myosin filaments is dependent on adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as energy source and on intracellular calcium release, and the diffusion of extracellular calcium ions across L-type calcium channels mediated through beta-adrenergic receptors to signal the chemical reaction leading to muscle shortening, as well as the removal of calcium through cell-membrane pumps to avoid signal overload (Porth, 2015). Pressure and volume overload will lead to ventricular hypertrophy, myocardial stiffness, restricted stroke volume, ventricular dilation and further

When there is insufficient amount of blood due to blood loss, organs do not obtain the amount of blood that is needed. As a result, the organs do not receive enough nutrients and oxygen; hypoxia. A decrease of blood pressure also decreases in perfusion of the carotid and aortic bodies, “several clusters of chemoreceptors” (Boron).This decline in perfusion, increases the rate of the chemoreceptors which increases the firing of the sympathetic vasoconstriction (Boron).

which the patient’s health will be significantly affected by the lack of proper blood flow,

blood is not receiving the required oxygen. Depending on the severity of the symptoms it may

The cardiovascular system is composed of thousands of tubes, known as blood vessels that blood travels in. Blood is constantly being pumped to and from the heart through arteries and veins, respectively. Oxygen, nutrients, water, wastes are just some of the substances moving throughout the body via the blood vessels. Because this system is very complex, many issues can occur which inhibit the cardiovascular system from doing its job.

The lack of oxygen in the body causes the heart to attempt to pump more blood, forcing the ventricles to work even harder. Should the