Implementation Of Communication Platform For Consensus Based Control

The smart distribution transformer and its controllers were evaluated through simulations using PLECS simulation platform. The system specifications used to design the simulation model are given in Table 3.

The emerging concept of MicroGrids or SmartGrids is aimed at changing the paradigm of the conventional power system in order to meet various challenges facing modern day society. To understand why the shift in paradigm is necessary, it is important to have a firm knowledge of the layout of conventional power systems as well as the energy challenges facing our society. A high level example of a conventional power system is shown in figure 1.

Base layer is base for smart grid and self-healing control system and this base layer is collection of power grid and its equipment. The Support layer is collection of data and communication. Main function of this layer is to control the transmission of data and communication between different nodes. High speed, bi directional, real time transmission and communication is held by this layer. The application layer is collection of monitoring, decision-making, restoration.

HVDC transmission may also be selected for other technical benefits. HVDC can transfer power between separate AC networks. HVDC powerflow between separate AC systems can be automatically controlled to support either network during transient conditions, but without the risk that a major power system collapse in one network will lead to a collapse in the second. HVDC improves on system controllability, with at least one HVDC link embedded in an AC grid—in the deregulated environment, the controllability feature is particularly useful where control of energy trading is needed.

With the advent of modern controls theory and in the semiconductor technology, the use of high sophisticated technologies, advance digital controllers and embedded systems which include microprocessors, DSPs (digital signal processors), ASICs (application-specific integrated circuits), and FPGAs (field-programmable gate arrays).in the area of AC power control have become global challenges nowadays[1]. Recently FPGAs have become a good alternative answer and have been generally accepted as a tool for the controller`s platform in high performance embedded control system[2]. This device completely give inventors the ad-liberty to use their design customs

The dissertation is divided into three main parts. In the first part, we proposed the hierarchical communication network architectures that consist of a turbine area network (TAN), farm area network (FAN), and control area network (CAN) for WPFs. The wind turbines are modelled based on the logical nodes (LN) concepts of the IEC 61400-25 standard. The WPF communication network is configured with a switch-based architecture where each wind turbine has a dedicated link to the wind farm main switch. Servers at the control center are used to store and process the data received from the WPF. The network architecture is modelled and evaluated via OPNET. We investigated the end-to-end (ETE) delay for different WPF applications, and our network architecture is validated by analyzing the simulation results.

A key solution to the energy storage and wastage problems is offered by renewable energy sources; however, their integration with the existing grids comes with a set of barriers such as the intermittency of generation and the high level of distribution of the sources and the lack of proven distribution control algorithms to manage such a highly distributed generation base [2]. In such situation, the use of communication and information technologies is attractive to match the demand to the available supply and dramatically improve performance and efficiency. A smart grid is an intelligent electricity network that integrates the actions of all users connected to it and makes use of advanced information, control, and communications technologies to save energy, reduce cost and

The significant increase in penetration of renewable energygeneration is expected to affect the operational aspects of powersystems and more specifically isolated micro grids that mainly relyon renewable energy sources. Indeed, the issue of UC schedulesand real-time dispatch of a micro grid with controllable DGs is morecomplicated in the presence of high wind and solar generation pen-etration. To address these operational challenges, it is necessaryto manage the variability and uncertainty associated with theseenergy sources. It has become clearer than ever that a flexiblemicro grid is vital. In this paper, a comprehensive stochastic mathe-matical model has been developed to enable operation interactionof DERs under uncertainty in islanded micro grids. Hence prob-abilistic coordination of DERs on micro grid operations has beenexamined with respect to their independent presence and withconsideration of the hourly interruption cost for residential, com-mercial, and industrial customers in order to determine the optimalprobabilistic interruptible load, if required. The simulation resultsshow that

Abstract: This paper presents stochastic synchronization of distributed energy resources (DERs) operation in an islanded micro grid in light of uncertainties. In doing so, a comprehensive stochastic mathematical model is developed which incorporates a set of valid probable scenarios for the uncertainties of load and irregularity in wind and solar generation sources. The uncertainty is addressed through a combination of a stochastic optimization model and additional reserve requirements. The model also includes hourly interruption costs for a variety of customer types as a means of determining the optimal stochastic interruptible load whose reliability-based value is very low to enable it to be shed if necessary. A study is carried out using a benchmark micro grid; numerical results demonstrate that coordinated operation of DERs brings prominent benefits in terms of expected operation costs and system security. This stochastic

Abstract—To meet the Electric Power demands of a fast expanding economy, smart grid (SG) are expected to have reliable, efficient, secured and cost-effective power management system. Additionally, energy demands from the users change dynamically in different time-periods (such as on-peak , and off-peak) , which required dynamically availability of the communication facility (such as bandwidth , storage devices and processing units). Therefore, there is a need to integrate to a common platform with the smart grid which is able to support the smart grid requirements.

This mini research is about Transmission Control Protocol TCP, its history what it does, its possible vulnerabilities and its development.

Many cities are trying to adopt smart grids to efficiently manage distribution of energy. Currently the main source of energy is coal and fossil fuels. Technological advances have not yet reached the stage where renewable sources of energy can sustain life globally. It has been estimated that by 2050, the world 's fossil fuel might get completely depleted. Hence it is important to conserve energy and use it efficiently. Smart sensors can be installed in offices and homes to make sure lights are switched off when no motion is detected in a room. Similarly, smart grids can analyze power consumption in areas to detect anomalies in power usage.

In order to identify one major issue in smart grids design, we propose a thought experiment:

Abstract: In this paper we present a load measurement scheme for home energy management system with energy demand management. The proposed system will have control of various appliances that are available in the home. It manages household loads according to their predefined priority and guarantees the total household power consumption below certain levels. The home energy management system will receive the demand response from the utility side. The goal of the system is to encourage the consumer to use less energy during peak hours or to move the time of energy use to off peak times such as nighttime and weekends. Thus the high peak-to-average ratio (PAR) of power will be avoided and also we adopt real time pricing. The utility company use real time dynamic pricing to coordinate demand responses to the benefit of the overall system. Hence for this purpose we need to measure the power consumed by the various appliances that are available in the home.

expensive but also impractical, maybe impossible in the longer run. This is because the total amount of power demand by the users can have an extremely extensive probability distribution, which requires spare generating plants in standby mode to respond to the rapidly changing power usage. The last 10% of generating capacity may be required in as little as 1% of the time. The attempts to meet the demand could fail, resulting in brownouts (i.e. a drop in voltage), blackouts (i.e. electrical power outage), and even cascading failures. In Smart