The Indo Pakistan Conflict

Kashmir is the northernmost geographical region of South Asia. It borders Pakistan and India in the Himalayan Mountains. This landscape is known for its raw natural beauty and has stood out in the history and folklore of the Indian subcontinent. At one point in time, Kashmir was aptly named "paradise on Earth". Kashmir excels at diversity. People from all over the world many different religious backgrounds and even more diverse dialects frequent the land. Today however, the Kashmir region is the center a multidimensional problem, with religious hostilities taking center stage.

The ongoing conflict between India and Pakistan has been the subject of speculation and study by political scientists and historians for a number of years. The ethnic conflict seems to have been sparked at the very beginning in 1947, when the British used Muslim and Hindu mercenaries against each other before the area finally split into today’s countries of India and Pakistan (Spiegel et al. 2015, 185). The timeline since then has been full of conflicts, both major and minor. Brutal tactics used by security forces and a high rate of unemployment have added to the issue (BBC News 2016).

One thing that the world does not always acknowledge, is that many countries have actually been demanding for independence ever since the 1800’s. The partition that created Pakistan was a long and tedious process before it got approved. Before World War II, Great Britain had full control over the country of India and its resources, even though the people were demanding for self-rule for several years. At the time, India consisted of both Muslim and Hindu cultures, and the tensions between the two

India and Pakistan have been at odds for over seven decades since the partition that caused each to define itself in opposition to the other, and they have fought four wars since. The primary point of contention between the two countries is the Kashmir dispute, which dates back to 1947. After the Indian subcontinent divided, there was the issue of 650 states existing within the two newly independent countries. These states, which were each run by separate monarchies, had the choice to decide which country to join, or of remaining independent. In practice, the restive population of each province proved decisive. Although many princes wanted their territories to remain independent states, which would have meant hereditary monarchies and no

Pakistan became independent one day ago when india decleared itself independent from the British empire the following next day. But Kashmir was remaining independent territory until 1949. The histry of Kashmir goes back to seventinth century. Until 1846 kashmir was a part of the Sikh empire but the same year sikh had to fight with the british troops evantually they were defeated by the british. But there was happened an interesting game when the british sold Kashmir to

When the Soviets installed missiles in Cuba, this threathened the position of the United States and this showed them that going against the Soviets in the future can be dangerous and the war will turn into a Nuclear fight very fast. Additionally, after the separation of Hindu dominated country India and Muslim dominated country Pakistan, fight over a city near the borders of each country started. Both the countries have been fighting since then to gain power over Kashmir. Pakistan sends it's mujahideen forces to fight the Indian soldiers and massive amounts of deaths have occured since. Both the countries have Nuclear powers and the Western countries have stopped trying to interfere in their

THE vast South Asia subcontinent was split into two nations in 1947 when India and Pakistan came into existence because of their irreconcilably divergent religions, political perceptions and ethnic cleavages. It became impossible to make the Hindus and Muslims live under any single arrangement. They could not get along side by side any more. The other States which became independent were Sri Lanka (1948), the Maldives (1996) and Bangladesh 1971, whose story of creation is somewhat different. Nepal and Bhutan are other two small sovereign States who matter much in the South Asian affairs. All these States have relations with each other, good or bad, but they have been able to erect a common platform in the name of SAARC to

1. International conflict among countries is more likely of what we may think. Today there are many different ongoing conflicts. International conflict is a stage of opposition, disagreement or incompatibility between two or more states (Malek). The term "international conflict" referred to conflicts between different nations and conflicts between people and organizations in different nations (Mr. Turetzky lec 11). It also applies to inter-group conflicts within one country when one group is fighting for independence or increased social, political, or economic power. International conflicts can be divided into two branches: private international conflict and public international conflict. A private international conflict is a disagreement

Kashmir is conflict territory after the partition of India and Pakistan. Conflict is not only between India and Pakistan but also India and the religious militants. Religious Militants are conducting a jihad to govern by the religious law. Historically, Kashmir included Sufis Muslim not orthodox Muslim. Numerous international events had influenced in the growth of Islamic fundamentalism in Kashmir. Jihad is not originally from Kashmir but they are foreign militancy bought during the end of the Soviet –Afghanistan War. Additionally, they are trained in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Pakistan Inter service Intelligence helped them to incorporate into organized militant groups. Pakistan helped Jihad group with full moral,

Partition of British India, 1947: The Partition of British India gave birth to two new states; India and Pakistan. Pakistan comprised two geographically and culturally separated region: a) West Pakistan and b) East Pakistan (Bangladesh) on basis of their common religion-Islam.

Inter-ethnic conflict is one of the major problems facing most Kenya community and mostly the nomadic communities. Inter-ethnic conflicts involving pastoralists have become widespread and increasingly severe in the northern region of Kenya. Conflict has often resulted in severe disruption of social and economic development. It has also constrained efforts to reduce or end poverty and sustain basic human rights. There has been a recurrence of violence where peace agreements have been sealed and an escalation of violence where conflicts have hitherto been latent.

South Asia is a volatile region. In particular, India and Pakistan have, since the end of the Cold War, been widely regarded as the two countries most likely to become involved in a nuclear war. The cultural, religious, and ideological tensions that underlie the state-tostate antagonism are very deep-seated. The long and contested border, frequent armed conflict and mutual distrust result in an inherently unstable situation between the two nuclear armed rivals. This study will summarize the nuclear history of India and Pakistan, illustrate the dangers of instability, and examine potential U.S. actions to enhance stability in this contentious region of significant security interest.

Manzoor et al (2013) reported that Pir Lisura N. Park, AJK, Pakistan area has 159 species of vascular plants, belonging to 83 different families which includes 48 species of trees, 38 shrubs, 61 herbs, 7 grasses, 1 epiphyte and 4 ferns. Among trees 2 species of gymnosperms which are widely distributed on all mountain slopes and most frequently exploited for timber. Other 46 tree species are angiosperms which occur in selected patches of favourable habitat, mostly associated with human settlements and agricultural fields.

China is India’s largest neighbour with about 2000 km shared land border. At present, a land area of about

The genesis of the Kashmir issue is that in August 1947, when partition of the sub-continent took place, Lord Mountbatten, the viceroy of undivided India, influenced Radcliff into awarding the predominantly Muslim district of Gurdaspur, situated in the East Punjab, to India. By this treacherous act, admitted by Lord Mountbatten himself on nation wide British television, the cruel Viceroy not only subjected a Muslim majority area to the cursed Hindu domination, it also sowed the seed from which could crop up the domination of India on another predominantly Muslim State Kashmir, because it is only through a narrow strap in the Gurdaspur district that India was linked with Kashmir. The canker in no time cropped up into the “Kashmir Problem” that has ever since proved to be a serious threat to the security of the South Asian region.