Information Cause and Effect

β receptor agonists are used in the treatment of asthma and COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) to relax the muscles in the air passages in the lungs. Salbutamol is a selective β2 adrenergic agonist, although this selectivity is relative and dose-dependent. This means that the selectivity is lost at high concentration and thus causing side-effects.

Possible side effects: “dry mouth, sedation, blurred vision (disturbance of accommodation, increased intra-ocular pressure), constipation, nausea, difficulty with micturition; cardiovascular side-effects (such as ECG changes, arrhythmias, postural hypotension, tachycardia, syncope, particularly with high doses); sweating, tremor, rashes and hypersensitivity reactions (including urticaria, photosensitivity), behavioural disturbances (particularly children), hypomania or mania, confusion or delirium (particularly elderly), headache, interference with sexual function, blood sugar changes; increased appetite and weight gain (occasionally weight loss); endocrine side-effects such as testicular enlargement, gynaecomastia, galactorrhoea; also convulsions (see also Cautions), movement disorders and dyskinesias, dysarthria, paraesthesia, taste disturbances, tinnitus, fever, agranulocytosis, leucopenia, eosinophilia, purpura, thrombocytopenia, hyponatraemia

Many people are being overdosed with this pill, but one girl named Toni Vermeer said, “Right when you take these painkillers your whole body goes numb and than you don't feel like doing anything till tomorrow night.” She overdosed while she was babysitting a six year old girl. Toni is still alive after she overdosed five times.The third time she overdosed, she flatlined

Side Effects: Frequent urge to urinate, headache (continuing), loss of appetite (continuing), mood or mental changes, muscle pain or twitching, nausea or vomiting, nervousness or restlessness, slow breathing, swelling of feet or lower legs, unpleasant taste, unusual tiredness or weakness

Overdose symptoms may include extreme drowsiness, confusion, muscle weakness, slurred speech, tremors, a slow heartbeat, shallow breathing, feeling light-headed, fainting, seizure (black-out or

Mild withdrawal symptoms can be helped with drugs such as Tylenol, Aspiring or Ibuprofen. There are also medications that can help with diarrhea. More intense withdrawal symptoms may require other medications, such as Clonidine, which reduces symptoms including anxiety, aches, restlessness, runny nose and cramping. In the most severe cases, hospitalization will be required. It is imperative to seek the diagnosis and advice of a qualified healthcare professional to determine the severity of symptoms and what course of treatment is

While the most significant side effects, affecting some patients but not all include low blood pressure; dizziness, especially when standing up suddenly; sleepiness, lethargy, heart palpitations, constipation, weight

The dependence liability on both physical and psychological are very high. Back to the subject on overdoses, depending on a few other elements and your interactions with the drug, death from this drug, or an “overdose”, can take anywhere from 7 minutes to almost seven hours. Lack of oxygen that is caused by the opioid is the main cause of death from this. Your opioid tolerance and an unexpected increase in the drug can

The nurse should be fully aware of all potential side effects, adverse effects, and any contraindications that follow taking albuterol. The two main side effects the nurse should educate the patient on (especially the elderly), is the risk of excessive cardiac and central nervous system (CNS) stimulation, as well as nausea, headache, vomiting and coughing. Nebulizers and inhalers are associated with fewer effects than the oral route of albuterol. Muscle tremors are the most frequent effect. Contraindications should be followed excessively and the nurse should explain why the medication should highly not be taken. The most common ones are, hypersensitivity, cardiac arrhythmias, and coronary artery disease. *Caution should be taken with patients who have hypertension, hyperthyroidism and diabetes mellitus (Frandsen, 2013, p.

Asthma control varies over time due to severity and changes in the environment, for example, home, school and or work environments. There are several medications and combinations used to control asthma attacks. The first line of medication are inhaled corticosteroids used to prevent and reduce airway swelling and inhaled long-acting beta agonist used to keep the airways open and relaxed (AAFA, 2015). Examples of long-acting corticosteroids are fluticasone, budesonide, mometasone, beclomethasone, ciclesonide, flunisolide. Examples of LABA medications are salmeterol and formoterol; it is important to remind patients that these medications are not to be used in emergency situations. At times, both medications are used together in a single medication to treat asthma and prevent attacks. Some caution that patients should be aware that when using combination medication, the risk for severe asthma attacks increase (Mayo Clinic, 2015). Examples of combination medications are Advair (fluticasone and salmeterol), Symbicort (budesonide and formoterol), Dulera (mometasone and formoterol) and Breo (fluticasone and

Adverse reactions to this medication are migraine, speech disorders, rhinitis, sinusitis, hyperglycemia, elevated liver function, elevated serum creatinine level, pancytopenia, bronchitis, dyspnea, toxic epidermal necrolysis, anaphylaxis, elevated creatine kinase, generalized pain, and infection. Nursing considerations with this medication is to have the patient swallow the whole tablet and not to chew. Watch for aspiration while watching the patient take the medication. Educate the patient about the medication and inform them to notify a physician if bleeding

Demerol is a synthetic opioid that is created in a laboratory, instead of being derived from a substance in nature. The drug inhibits the section of the brain that controls pain, and it is prescribed to patients who are experiencing moderate to severe pain after surgery or an injury. In addition to alleviating pain, Demerol can produce euphoria, which can tempt people to abuse it. Some patients may struggle to stop taking Demerol, even if they have used the drug as directed. However, in addition to euphoria, Demerol can also cause confusion, delirium, and seizures.

The frequency spectrum in metoprolol treated animals demonstrated a reduction in mean frequencies from 1 to 3min (electrical phase) and from 3 to 7min (circulatory phase). Labetalol produced an even greater reduction in frequencies in these intervals. The decline in AMSA was similar in all three groups over the first 3min. From 3 to 7min the metoprolol group was significantly lower than the control group (p<0.001 vs compared to control and metoprolol groups). ROSC was noted in 2/10 in the control group, 7/8 in metoprolol group and 2/7 in the labetalol group. The frequentist analysis of ROSC showed a relative risk (RR) of ROSC of 4.4 when comparing control to metoprolol animals and 1.4 comparing control to labetalol

Package A contained either intravenous labetalol vials (total 60mL as labetalol 5 mg/mL) and 5 placebo tablets or IV saline placebo (60mL as 0.9%) and five 10-mg nifedipine tablets. Package B, which contained the opposite regimen of A, was utilized as a crossover treatment if the target blood pressure was not achieved after 5 cycles of regimen A.

Mannitol can be truly useful in the clinical setting as a diagnostic agent, osmotic diuretic and urinary irrigant. Mannitol’s chemical class is hexahydroxy alcohol and it is a pregnancy category B drug. Mannitol is a six-carbon sugar and is known by the generic name of mannitol or Osmitrol, which is the most common brand name. Mannitol is usually available in 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% injection form. Mannitol is considered a diuretic which promotes urine production. It is also helpful in preventing the kidney from shutting down. It increases osmotic pressure of the glomerular filtrate, inhibiting reabsorption of water and electrolytes and creates an osmotic gradient in the glomerular filtrate and blood (Lippincott Williams &