Job Characteristics Model Is One Of A Job Design Models

Not all skills can have one definitive classification; rather, they exist within a continuum. In other words, having elements of one category and other

Theory X and Theory Y represent two sets of assumptions about human nature and human behaviour that are relevant to the practice of management. They describe two contrasting models of workforce motivation. Theory X represents a negative view on of human nature that assumes individuals generally dislike work, are irresponsible, and require close supervision to do their jobs. Theory Y represents a positive view of human nature and assumes individuals are generally hard-working, creative, and able to take on responsibility

Extrinsic motivation e.g. Money is the critical incentive to motivation in today's work environment However , motivation differs from individual to individual and with their respective beliefs and values, circumstances and culture. It is important for mangers to identify which motivation factor works with which employee and apply it respectively In any environment, both Intrinsic and Extrinsic motivations are needed for work satisfaction and work performance

Skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback all makeup the five job attributes of the job characteristics model. As a breakdown of each (Kinicki & Williams, 2016) inform that skill variety is a variety of skills one holds for their job. I enjoyed the examples provided by using occupations. A librarian, accountant, and waitress would all hold vastly different skills that allow them to perform their job. Task identity and task significance are similar but different. Task identity is fundamental to the start to finish process of a task. This is significant to any task as there are clear set guidelines allowing you to see the step by step process which keeps you in line with deadlines. Task significance is knowing how

Dr. D’Mello believe that Dickie World’s employee should have simple tasks that are narrowed down in order for the workers to perform their job well, by using the Job characteristics model (JCM), in which I agreed and disagreed. I disagree with D’Mello’s beliefs of given simple tasks because simple tasks that employee can do will result in boredom. I agree with Dr. Mello about maybe the tasks are too ambiguous. The employee needs challenging tasks to stimulate and motive them to perform at their best. The JCM emphasis that the employees’ distinct differences should be considered and they should be motivated enough by work itself or work alone. The five JCM dimensions are: skill variety, Task identity, Task significant, autonomy and feedback.

When a person comes to work each day, they are required to perform their job duties to the best of their ability. However, how a person performs these duties each day depends on how much they like or dislike their occupation. Job satisfaction affects job performance and turnover rates. “Job satisfaction essentially reflects the extent to which an individual likes his or her job. Formally defined, job satisfaction is an effective or emotional response toward various facets on one’s job (Kinicki & Fugate, 2016, pg. 57).” It is possible a person only likes part of his or her job though. Job satisfaction has five predominant models. These models are: was need fulfillment met, are expectations met, values, equity (fairness), and dispositional/ genetic components. Job satisfaction also affects attitudes and

According to Herzberg, individuals are not satisfied with lower-order needs at work, for example, those associated with minimum salary levels or safe and pleasant working conditions. Theses individuals look for the gratification of higher-level psychological needs such as achievement, recognition, responsibility, advancement, and the nature of the work itself. Motivation-hygiene theory, based on the presence of one set of job characteristics or incentives lead to worker satisfaction at work, while another and separate set of job characteristics lead to dissatisfaction at work. Moreover he found that job characteristics related to what an individual does is the nature of the work he performs, having the capacity to gratify such needs such as achievement, competency, status, personal worth, and self-realization, leading to satisfaction. However, the absence of such gratifying job characteristics does not lead to dissatisfaction. Instead, dissatisfaction results from unfavorable assessments of such job-related factors as company

The Value Percept Theory argues that job satisfaction depends on whether a job supplies the things an individual value most. Overall satisfactions derive form combined levels of satisfaction from various elements of an individual’s job, whether it’s: pay, promotion, supervision, coworkers, or the work itself. Job satisfaction is based on cognitive and affective components, which is evaluated by what an individual thinks about the job, and how they feel. Cognition evaluation is based on experiences, weighing different aspects of a job; as affect is a reaction of the job, which can fluctuate based on moods and emotions. Level of dissatisfaction is measured by the difference between what one has and what one wants, and the level of importance of that facet to the individual. Statistics have proven, that supplying individuals with what they value, will increase the chance of better performance, which has a high correlation with an individual’s affective commitment with the organization.

Using a person-environment-occupational performance model explain the occupational circumstances of a person who is well known to you in a personal context.

An Organization’s productivity and efficiency depends to a large extent on what employees think or perceive about their organization. It is a well-known concept that “If you keep your employees happy, they will make your customers happy”. So to make them happy or motivated, challenging jobs, tasks, assignments are to be provided along with better or superior environment to excel in. As a result, we can have two benefits; on one hand it will enhance the employees’ job experience and on the other hand organization’s productivity will increase. Turnover and absenteeism will be low, employee commitment will be high. In short, job satisfaction and dissatisfaction play a major role behind overall employee motivation. Herzberg’s Motivator-Hygiene

Job design theory is an important concept in business management. The way a job is designed affects employee work performance. It is crucial that organizations create an environment where workers are motivated by jobs in which they feel challenged but at the same time, their work goes with the objectives of the company. Designing jobs properly will cause a positive impact on motivation, performance, and job satisfaction on those who perform them (Moorhead and Griffin, 1998). According to the hierarchical scheme of five basic needs of A. H. Maslow, people need to stay alive, to be safe, to be with others, to be respected and to do work that corresponds to our gifts and abilities (Bittel and Newstrom, 1990). Based

The job characteristics model is one of the most influential attempts to design jobs with increased motivational properties. Proposed by Hackman and Oldham, the model describes five core job dimensions leading to three critical psychological states, resulting in work-related outcomes.

According to Herzberg, the factors leading to job satisfaction are distinctly different from those that lead to job-dissatisfaction. Therefore, the managers who seek to eliminate factors that create job-dissatisfaction can bring about peace at the workplace but cannot motivate the employees. These factors are termed as hygiene factors comprising administration, supervision, working conditions, salary and wages etc. While absence of hygiene factors will lead to dissatisfaction, mere presence of these factors will not satisfy (i.e. motivate) the employees. In order to motivate the employees, managers must resort to ‘motivators’ (those factors that motivate the employees towards better performance) such as recognition, challenging assignment, responsibility, opportunities for growth and self-fulfillment etc.

Personal characteristics of workers also has an impact on job satisfaction. Job satisfaction increases age. Whites have greater job satisfaction than non-whites. The level of education is slightly negatively related to job satisfaction. If personal skills and abilities are not required by a job, job satisfaction decreases. When a person is more adjusted personally, they will be more satisfied with work. Most of all having a job with decent and fair wage may be the most important variable to job satisfaction. High job satisfaction is associated with low turnover and low absenteeism and with high commitment. Although the evidence is not conclusive, high job satisfaction is associated with high performance and prosocial behaviors.

According to the management text book Williams & McWilliams, 2010, job specialisation reflects the degree to which tasks get broken down and divided into smaller tasks. Benefits include worker proficiency, decreased time between task transfer and the ability to develop specialized equipment for a specific function. So why do organisations employ such a technique? It’s