Stephen Krashen is one of the experts when it comes to language acquisition. He has theorized on the subject of second language acquisition for years and has been quite influential in this field of linguistics. He approaches the subject of second language acquisition by presenting his five theories for acquiring a second language. Aida Walqui is another expert; however, she approaches the subject from the aspect that contextual factors are involved in second language learning.
Even though Krashen and Walqui are attempting to achieve a similar goal, their methodologies are different. Krashen believes there are two independent systems that affect one’s language and how a language is acquired. Krashen believes there are two systems that
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The learned system Krashen believes to be the product of formal instruction and requires that the learner use a process that involves a study of grammar and rules and is taught making learning of less importance than acquisition.
Aida Walqui, who is the Director of Teacher Professional Development (TPD) Programs which includes the Quality Teaching for English Learners (QTEL) and Strategic Literacy Initiative (SLI) projects addressing all aspects of teacher development from pre-service through teacher leadership in grades 5–14, presents her perspective by suggesting that contextual factors affect second language acquisition. Walqui points out those factors that affect second language acquisition and explains how they shape second language learning. Her belief is that through language distance, native language proficiency, knowledge of the second language, dialect and register, language status, and language attitudes second language learners are able to acquire a second language.
Whereas Krashen is concerned about the Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (BICS), Walqui is more concerned about the contextual factors of second language acquisition involving Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALP). According to Krashen BICs is the more important method of language acquisition allowing the learner access to social and cultural contexts. The
Many popular theories of second language acquisition have been analyzed throughout history. The socialization of L2 learners, their present emotional state that is present at time of acquisition, as well as the comprehensible input and output with the use of scaffolding play a major role in second language acquisition. Let us also not forget the importance of written expression as well as reading comprehension with these L2 learners. Each play a role in language development. However, I believe that in acquiring a language, one must use a variety of techniques that work together to create a balance within the learning environment. Furthermore, all L2 learners learn differently and so a variety of resources will need to be used based on the ability of each student. There are many theories that have been developed by highly qualified experts in the field on linguistics. However, I will address those areas that I agree with as I present my personal theories on second language acquisition.
In general lines, I am in accordance with the ideas that the author expressed, because, we would be blind if we did not notice the relationships between L1 and L2. We can realize about this by just thinking that the L2 is acquired after a person has already one language, so he knows certain structures that interfere or influence the acquisition of this new language. On the other hand, some may take this as theft or lack of self-initiative, but I think is good and it is because, if an acquisition technique of learning an L1 has been tested one hundred percent and works, nothing is lost in use in it into another field, which besides, its related to. It is a draw line for experts to work from
Within this paper we will take a brief look at the Language Acquisition Principles and how they work on the behalf of ELL students. We will see how these principles can be applied within our own learning environment. There is much information from Walqui article that gives a brief overview of ELL students and how things looked in the past for these students. Now that times has change we will see how educators can make the requirements for ELL students better and more effective for teacher and students. Hopefully, as we look at ways of changing learning for our ELL students we must remember that every student learns differently. Even if you follow the principles from
Every human being holds a set of inherent behaviors that enables them to thrive and evolve over time. Be it, anger, jealousy, or closing your eyes when exposed to extreme brightness, one of the most unique human instincts is language. Language is the system in which humans can communicate amongst each other, an incredible phenomenon, and yet for many years psychologists and scientists have yet to come up with one set theory as to how we acquire the languages we have. There are two fundamentally different theories on language acquisition that I will be presenting, the first by linguist Noam Chomsky and the second by psychologist B.F Skinner.
Many popular theories of second language acquisition have been analyzed throughout history. The socialization of L2 learners, their present emotional state that is present at the time of acquisition, as well as the comprehensible input and output with the use of scaffolding play a major role in second language acquisition. Kirsten Hummel states, “The one most effective way to increase L2 competence was by exposure to ‘comprehensible input’.” (Hummel, 2014, p. 73) Let us also not forget the importance of written expression as well as reading comprehension with these L2 learners. Each plays a role in language development. However, I believe that to acquire language one must use a variety of techniques that work together to create a balance within the learning environment. Furthermore, all L2 learners acquire language differently and so using a variety of resources that are based on the ability of each student is neccesary. There are many theories that have been developed by highly qualified experts in the field of linguistics. However, I will address those areas that I agree with as I present my personal theories on second language acquisition.
Resolutions has not always been my thing. I rarely make one and even if I do it ends up being a to do lost for the first week of January. But this year is going to be different due to two reasons. One, I am more excited than I have ever been and two, it involves my toddler son. When it comes to him I never compromise. This year I have decided to learn a new language with him.
In our everyday lives, the origin of our ability to communicate is usually not often taken into consideration. One doesn't think about how every person has, or rather had at one time, an innate ability to learn a language to total fluency without a conscious effort – a feat that is seen by the scientific community "as one of the many utterly unexplainable mysteries that beset us in our daily lives" (3).. Other such mysteries include our body's ability to pump blood and take in oxygen constantly seemingly without thought, and a new mother's ability to unconsciously raise her body temperature when her infant is placed on her chest. But a child's first language acquisition is different from these
Children acquire language since they were born. They communicate with their parents. Furthermore, children and parents interact with each other using a language that we often call the first language or mother tongue. At an early age, children are only learning one language that is the mother tongue. By age and speech development, children improve to acquire a second language from the school or the environment around them. In terms of speed of langgauge acquisition, children are factorized by both the child and the child’s learning environment. Therefore, it is important to understand how children acquire second language. This paper is provided
This paper discusses the previous research on second language learning in children and adults. It
This article review is about the Digest, published in 1992, by Barry McLaughlin, which is based on Santa Cruz’s “Myths and Misconceptions about Second Language Learning: What Every Teacher Needs to Unlearn.” The digest discusses the myths and misconceptions about children and second language acquisition in five main points, trying to make teachers of second language learners avoid having unrealistic expectations of the process of children learning second language. There are five myths that are pointed out by the author.
Language and literacy is a key component for effective social interaction and communication. Strong literacy skills will provide the learner will effective tools to implement in their daily lives and increase the probability of gaining employment. I have referred to some excellent books; such as “How Languages are learned” and “The Natural Approach” for information and guidance. Additionally, I reflected on prior knowledge of Theories of Learning, gained through attainment of 7307 and CertED. Peer discussions and tutor explanations helped me greatly to exchange ideas, to seek clarification and guidance in completing this report.
This paper is going to talk about Krashen's theory of second language acquisition, which has had a large impact in all areas of second language research and teaching since the 1980s.
Throughout this course, I have learned that grammar acquisition is best acquired through reading and writing. While reading the Weaver and Shaughnessy books, I have learned the main concepts and philosophies of this method of teaching. However, I feel that it is through our class discussions of the chapters that I am starting to really comprehend and understand the information that I am reading. Hearing real-life examples from Dr. Murphy and my classmates has allowed me to begin to understand and retain the information so that when I have my own classroom, I will know how to implement these concepts myself. That is my goal with this objective, that I will grasp the concepts will enough to be a teacher that excels at teaching grammar through writing and reading.
So, based on my result observation which the teacher’ techniques with a theory from a scientist, I can conclude that the teacher used Theories of Second Language Acquisition by Stephen Krashen. Krashen’s theory of second language acquisition consists of five main hypotheses. Every hypothesis related to the process of learning, for further information of five main hypothesis is below:
How a first language is acquired and how relevant is this to the acquisition of a