Literature Review On The Determination Of Pioglitazone And Glimepiride

AIM: To extract codeine and paracetamol from its tablet by solvent extraction and tentatively identify in comparison to standards using Thin Layer Chromatography.

Based on the Rf value for unknown, aspirin, acetaminophen, ibuprofen, salicylamide, and caffeine were 0.2612, 0.2581, 0.0476, 0.5714, 0.3, 0.0714. The second hypothesis was like initial hypothesis that the possible components contain in the unknown drug were aspirin, and salicyamide, the possible drug was aspirin, but cannot for sure what the unknown was. Because the drug that contain salicylamide, but didn’t contain the caffeine component which didn’t show up in this case. The drugs list in the chart, none of the drug contains the component aspirin, and salicyamide at the same time. Based on the Rf value and the observation, the lab experiment wasn’t accurate and some error was occurred during the lab period.

The influence of various substances as compounds potentially interfering with the determination of risperidone was studied under optimum conditions with 300.0 μM risperidone at pH 7.0. The potentially interfering substances were determined from the group of substances commonly detected with risperidone in pharmaceuticals. The tolerance limit was specified as the maximum concentration of the interfering substance that caused an error of less than ±5% in the measurement of risperidone. According to the results, neither a 1000-fold excess of methanol, ethanol, NH4 +, Fe2+, Fe3+, Mg2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, SO42−, Al3+, SO42−NH4 +, Fe2+, Fe3+, CO32−, Cl− or F−, CO32−, alanine, phenylalanine did not affect the selectivity, nor a 50-fold excess of levodopa, carbidopa, methyldopa, epinephrine, norepinephrine and methylphenidate interfered with the determination of risperidone.

It is also known to cause drug interaction in dose dependence manner, single and multiple dose of 30mg did not affect the elimination or area under the curve (AUC) of diazepam 10mg, tolbutamide 1000mg or chlorothiazide 500mg, or of secobarbitone (secobarbital) 150mg, but 60mg prolonged the elimination of diazepam, but physiological responses to diazepam were unaffected (3). Also, fluoxetine might have enhanced the toxic effects of other drugs, such as, cocaine because of its weak pro-arrhythmogenic properties (10). Therefore, the concentration of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine is important.

The scientists Ms. Volk has on her team have eminent credentials in chemistry, biochemistry and biology. Today, Mrs. Volk spoke to our class about three different types of methodologies, matrices used in drug testing, and drug trends. The 1st methodology is screen methodology (instant testing) which is an immunoassay based test applied to all samples. The second step, known as the confirmation test, is usually undertaken by a laboratory using highly specific chromatographic techniques and only applied to samples that test positive during the screening test. After a suspected positive sample is detected during screening, the sample is tested using a confirmation test. Confirmation test in most laboratories is performed using mass spectrometry, and is precise but

In the article, “A simple and cost-effective HPLC-UV method for the detection of levetiracetam in plasma/serum of patients with epilepsy,” by Engelbrecht, Grobler and Rheeders, the concentration of levetiracetam was determined using HPLC with a diode array detector. Levetiracetam is a common treatment for epilepsy. Patients have to go through regular blood tests to ensure the drug is working to optimal efficiency and is not taken in toxic levels. For the experiment, the researchers used and Agilent 1200 HPLC with a degasser, binary pump, thermostatic oven and diode-array detector with varying wavelengths. The column used was a Venusil XBP C18, 250 x 4.6 mm, and 5 µm particle size. The column was protected by a guard precolumn with a graphite filter. The flow rate of the mobile phase was 1 mL/min. The mobile

. Troglitazone is the first agent of this class used for the treatment of type2 DM were initially introduced into the US market in 199620. While in 2000, troglitazone was never be used for long after it was found that idiosyncratic hepatic failure25. Two other TZDs, rosiglitazone and pioglitazone both are introduced in 1999, which are currently on the market in single and combination with other diabetes drugs.

The liver is the primary organ for drug metabolism. Any diseases that directly affect on the liver can alter this process. Some alteration can cause a drug to have more bioavailability, which can cause toxic effects. Cirrhosis and obstruction jaundice appear to decrease hepatic metabolism and decrease drug excretion. Another organ function needs to be considered for drug metabolism is thyroid glands. The activity of metabolizing enzymes in decrease with hypothyroidism and increase with hyperthyroidism. Impaired liver functions significantly increase the risks if adverse drug effects. Acute liver impairment interferes with drug metabolism and elimination, while chronic liver impairment affects all aspects if pharmacokinetic. Consequently, dosage should be reduced for drugs that are extensively metabolized by the liver. The practitioner needs to assess the degree of hepatic impairment. Starting therapy with lower doses and monitor liver function

As the difficulty of analgesic therapies rises, establishment of the priorities of care must be forced in order to avert or diminish adverse events from occurring and to ensure that high quality and safe care is followed through. Opioid analgesia, in particular, remains to be the main primary pharmacologic intervention for managing pain in hospitalised patients. Although, while opioid use is generally safe for most patients, it may be associated with adverse effects, the most serious and severe opioid-related adverse event being respiratory depression (Davies et al.

In this article, antidepressant medication (ADM) is described as the most commonly used treatment for severe depression and cognitive therapy (CT) is the most talked about treatment that could be used for severe depression. Although, some patients do not want to take ADMs daily and CT is still being studied as a treatment option for major depression disorder. There was another alternative therapy treatment that was being questioned, behavioral activation therapy. The primary objective of this study was to test the effectiveness of behavioral activation therapy towards adults with major depression disorder. For this study, behavioral activation was studied with cognitive therapy and antidepressant medications in a placebo controlled randomized

As with any drug, efficacy and side-effects are dependent on drug metabolism. Strattera is primarily metabolized by the cytochrome P450 system through the liver. Genetically, individuals can have different activity of this enzyme. Based on this individuals can potentially be classified as “poor metabolizers” or “extensive metabolizers.” Due to slow metabolism of the drug, poor metabolizers can have drug levels estimated at about five times higher than average metabolizers leading to increased incidence of adverse side-effects and intolerability. Extensive metabolizers are more likely to not respond to therapeutic doses due to rapid metabolism of the

There are many different drugs that are associated with the use of PPIs such as Lansoprazole (Prevacid, Prevacid IV, Prevacid 24-hour), Rabeprazole (Aciphex), Omerprazole (Nexium, Nexium IV, Nexium 24-hour), aspirin and omeprazole (yosprala), omeprazole/sodium bicarbonate (Zegerid, Zegerid OTC),

Pioglitazone was also introduced in 1999 for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus. It improves glycaemic control and LDL cholesterol and also high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol ratio compared the placebo. It does not cause hepatotoxicity. There is no evidence that pioglitazone causes adverse cardiovascular effects. In fact, it has shown a beneficial effect on cardiovascular disease. Its combination with aliskiren (direct rennin inhibitor) is being considered as a possible therapeutic intervention for cardiovascular injury

Does antidiabetic medication create a possible risk for increased cognitive decline in older adults? In 2013, over 5 million older adults were estimated to have some form of cognitive decline, and it was estimated that 29.5 million older adults have type 2 diabetes. This is the largest increase for adults 65 and older in the United States (Alzheimer’s, 2015). As people continue to live longer the increase of type 2 diabetes in skilled nursing facilities has also grown from 16 to 23 percent (Zhang, 2010). Although, medications are used and needed for both conditions, type 2 diabetes can be a self-care and controllable disease through diet and increased exercise, yet cognitive decline only worsens over time.

Modulating effects of omega-3 fatty acids and pioglitazone combination on insulin resistance through toll-like receptor 4 in type 2 diabetes mellitus