Hannah Ray BSC 120 Lab 10-27-15 Measurement of Light Absorbency of Solutions Representative of Blood Glucose to Determine Concentration Abstract Type two diabetes mellitus is a disease characterized by the body’s inability to regulate glucose in the bloodstream. This disease affects millions and can lead to other chronic illnesses and eventually death. An experiment was done to determine the blood glucose of diabetic and non-diabetic individuals over two hours following a meal. A spectrophotometer was used to detect the light absorbency of solutions that represented non-diabetic and diabetic blood, taken right before a meal and thirty minutes, sixty minutes, ninety minutes, and one-hundred-twenty minutes after a meal was eaten. A higher light absorbency indicated a higher blood glucose concentration and a lower light absorbency indicated a lower blood glucose concentration. The diabetic blood samples were found to have higher absorbencies than the non-diabetic blood samples. Those high absorbencies, which also represent high concentrations of glucose, appeared to remain elevated for a longer period of time in diabetics rather than non-diabetics, and it took a much longer time for the blood glucose levels to return to normal in diabetics, still elevated after even two hours. This excess glucose in the blood stream ultimately leads to dozens of other, chronic health problems, but the disease can be prevented or even cured with proper treatment, education, and lifestyle
This experiment was performed to determine the glucose concentration in selected drinks, Coke and Gatorade. Absorbance readings were measured providing us with values to then calculate the glucose concentration, these values were then compared with theoretical values. Results that were obtained from the experiment fell short of the theoretical values which resulted from human error.
Diabetes is a disease where the body is unable to produce or use insulin effectively. Insulin is needed for proper storage and use of carbohydrates. Without it, blood sugar levels can become too high or too low, resulting in a diabetic emergency. It affects about 7.8% of the population. The incidence of diabetes is known to increase with age. It’s the leading cause of end-stage renal disease in the US, and is the primary cause of blindness and foot and leg amputation. It is known to cause neuropathy in up to 70% of diabetic patients. Individuals with diabetes are twice as likely to develop cardiovascular disease. There are two types of diabetes: Type 1 and Type 2.
Type 2 Diabetes is a disease that is found in a variety of age groups around the world. This disease is growing at a rapid rate and it is impacting the health of this generation and future generations to come. Diabetes is a disease that impairs the body’s ability to produce or respond to the insulin hormone produced by the pancreas. The insulin allows for the glucose to be effectively used as energy throughout the body. Diabetes causes carbohydrates to be abnormally digested, which can raise blood glucose levels. This means that the glucose is not being taken up by the cells that need it. The cells cannot take up the excess glucose that has accumulated in the blood, so it is excreted through the urine. This can lead to problems with the kidneys, central nervous system, heart, and eyes because high blood glucose can damage the blood vessels of these organs. This diseased is managed by adopting a diet low in fat and high in fiber, increasing physical activity, losing excess weight, and not smoking. If this
Graph 2 represents that patient A has a much lower initial glucose concentration than patient B. The glucose concentration of patient A reached its maximum in the first 30 minutes, this is due to the quick release of insulin from the body. Whereas, patient B had a slower reaction to releasing insulin which allowed for longer time to be taken for glucose concentration to reach its maximum. The sudden decrease of the glucose concentration in patient A displays the conversion of glucose molecules being stored as energy. In comparison, the gradual change of the slope show that as patient B releases small amount of insulin, it takes more time for glucose molecules to be converted as energy. It can be concluded that patient B has diabetes as the
Plasma insulin concentration was at its lowest during the fasting time period. Concentration was about 68 during that time.
Diabetes is a growing concern and health challenge for the American people (b). Diabetes is a condition in which the body cannot react to insulin appropriately or either cannot produce insulin efficiently (w). “Without a properly functioning insulin signaling system, blood glucose levels become elevated and other metabolic abnormalities occur, leading to the development of serious, disabling complications” (w). There are numerous forms of diabetes amongst the nation, however, there are three main forms of diabetes. Most people have heard of type one diabetes, type two diabetes, and gestational diabetes because they are common. Type two diabetes deals with a resistance to insulin, while
Diabetes develops when an individual’s body cannot properly produce or respond to insulin. In a normal functioning body, after food is consumed it is converted into glucose, or sugar, that the body will use for energy. When the body is not able to appropriately respond to the glucose it builds up in blood and can create complex health complications such as a diabetic coma or even premature death. The HbA1C is a blood test a doctor uses to determine an individual’s blood sugar control over a ninety day time period as well as to make an accurate diagnosis of diabetes. The red blood cells carry oxygen from an individual’s lungs to other cells within the body. When sugar is elevated it will attach to hemoglobin and the higher concentration noted in the blood cells results in decreased control and the individual is said to have and a greater risk of severe health complications (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2013).
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) or Type 2 Diabetes is seen as a metabolic disease that is categorized by abnormally high blood glucose or hyperglycemia. Diabetes Mellitus is also formerly known as noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and is the most common form of diabetes that is seen. Insulin is a hormone that is supplied to the body that allows us to efficiently use glucose as fuel. When carbohydrates are broken down into sugars in the stomach glucose enters the blood circulation simulating the pancreas to release insulin in an appropriate amount to become used for energy. With diabetes mellitus the body does not properly make use of the insulin supplied for the body. This causes the pancreas to produced an extra amount if insulin which the body cannot keep up with, causing an imbalance to the blood glucose levels (American Diabetes Association, 2015). In the united states diabetes affects almost 29.1 million people, while the another 86 million people have pre-diabetes but do not know. It is also known as the 7th leading cause of death in the country in the recent years (MedicineNet.com, 2016). For a patient suffering from a chronic form of diabetes mellitus understanding how these mechanisms lead to the condition can be used as preventative measures. Potential consequences as well as the causes and clinical manifestations will ensure a better knowledge on the issue to monitor the condition.
6. When was plasma insulin/glucagon concentration lowest? If values are similar for several time points, then give range of times
Abstract: This lab was developed to investigate blood glucose and diabetes. Diabetes is a lifelong chronic disease in which there are high levels of sugar in the blood (Diabetes). The spectrophotometer was applied to this lab to determine the absorbance of blood glucose in diabetic and non-diabetic blood samples. In order to prove this, tests were conducted by taking the blood samples at different times right before a meal was eaten then 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes after the meal. The 6 test tubes had been placed in the spectrophotometer to measure the absorbance of blood glucose in the diabetic and non-diabetic blood. It was hypothesized that people with diabetes will absorb more
Diabetes is a condition in which the body is unable to control the amount of glucose in the blood stream, because the pancreas does not produce enough insulin hormone. For those who have diabetes, the complex system that regulates blood glucose fails. Glucose cannot enter the body’s cells, and therefore cannot be utilised for energy. “Around 1.7 million Australians have diabetes” (Diabetes Australia, 2015), which is undoubtedly a huge cost burden to the Australian healthcare system. There are different types of Diabetes which ultimately cause glucose to accumulate in the bloodstream to a level which can become harmful to health. At this stage there is no cure for diabetes, although there are factors that influence the condition, such as the environment, genes and lifestyle. In the past efforts to monitor blood glucose levels have proven both invasive and painful. However new technological research in the form of the smart lens may provide improved care and management for those with diabetes in the future.
While typical healthy individuals use insulin to draw sugar into their cells for energy usage,
When food reaches the digestive track, it transforms into glucose. That is a simple sugar. It is absorbed by the stomach and intestine and then it enters to the blood stream. When it is in the blood stream, the sugar level of our body rises. This gives signals to the pancreas, resulting in the liberation of the hormone called insulin. This hormone is very important because it helps glucose to reach important parts of the human body, such as the liver, muscles and adipose tissue or fat. It is also necessary because it helps to maintain sugar levels of our body. When the Pancreas does not produce insulin, the blood sugar level rises and glucose cannot reach the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue. This defect is called diabetes. The international Expert Committee in their article “International Expert Committee Report On The A1c Assay In The Diagnosis Of Diabetes” states that “Diabetes is a disease characterized by abnormal metabolism, most notably hyperglycemia, and an associated heightened risk for relatively specific long-term complications
The blood glucose fluctuated slightly throughout this particular experiment. The subject’s baseline value for glucose was 71 mg/dL. At the 15 minute time point, the subject’s glucose was 53.4 mg/dL. At the 30 minute time point, the subject’s glucose again increased to 69.6 mg/dL and continued to increase to 71.7 at the 45 minute time point. The blood glucose remained relatively the same at the 60 minute time point with a value of 70.9 mg/dL and only slightly decreased to 69.3 mg/dL at the 75 minute time point. A more significant decrease in blood glucose occurred at the 90 minute time point, at which the glucose level was 49.6 mg/dL. Immediately following the TAT, the subject’s glucose value was recorded at 85.4 mg/dL and the 10 minutes post-testing time point resulted in a glucose value of 83.1 mg/dL.
Diabetes is a systemic disease caused by a decrease in the secretion of insulin or reduced sensitivity or responsiveness to insulin by target tissue. (Beale, et al., 2011) The incidence of diabetes is growing rapidly in the United States and worldwide. An estimated 347 million people around the world are afflicted with diabetes. (Whalen, et al., 2012) According to World Health Organization (WHO), Diabetes prevalence among adults over 18 years of age has risen from 4.7% in 1980 to 8.5% in 2014. It is the major cause of blindness, kidney failure, heart attack, stroke and limbic amputation. World Health Organization (WHO) projects that diabetes will be the 7th leading cause of death in 2030. It is a complex and costly disease that can affect nearly every organ in the body and result in devastating consequences. The leading cause of non-traumatic lower extremity amputations, renal failure, and blindness in working-age adults, diabetes is also a major cause of premature mortality, stroke, cardiovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, congenital malformations, perinatal mortality, and disability. (Cefalu, 2000) Insulin therapy and oral hypoglycemic agents have demonstrated improvement in glycaemic control. However, Insulin therapy has some disadvantages such as ineffectiveness following oral administration, short shelf life, of the need for constant refrigeration, and fatal hypoglycaemia, in the event of excess dosage.