1)
2)
Microscopic analysis
Sample Cells Casts Crystals
A0 None observed Hyaline None observed
A1 Lipid inclusions present in renal tubular cells None observed None observed
A2 RBC RBC None observed
A3 None observed None observed None observed
A4 None observed Waxy Oxalate
A5 The patient was anuric and hence no sample is available for testing
Dipstick analysis
Sample Protein Blood Glucose
A0 -ve -ve Normal
A1 4+ -ve Normal
A2 1+ 4+ Normal
A3 -ve -ve 4+
A4 1+ 4+ Normal
A5 The patient was anuric and hence no sample is available for testing
GFR interpretation
Sample GFR (ml/min/1.73m2) Renal Function Any evidence of renal damage? (y/n)
A0 >90 Normal N
A1 (Sample from a 10 year old) 65 Mildly reduced Y (however the test was not valid GFR as patient was under 18)
A2 20 Severely Reduced function Y
A3 >100 Polyurea N
A4 24 Severely reduced function Y
A5 <15 Very severe loss of function - End stage renal failure Y
Gross Pathology Size Surface Features Cut Section Urine sample?
70.00.02 Normal Smooth Whole organ A0
71.92.08 Atrophied Granular Cortex or Medulla (reddish brown colour) both visible, but poorly defined A5
70.30.02 Enlarged Smooth Medulla (brown colour) boundary poorly defined A2
Photo-micrograph Normal Fairly Smooth Medulla (reddish) A4
3)
Patient A0
The A0 urine sample comes from a 30-year-old adult who is also an extreme athlete.
When observing the sample from an electron microscope, we can see that patient A0 has hyaline casts present in his
Because you can control on the amount of time you spend doing physical activities and the intake of both caffeine and alcohol.
Glucose is very important in our daily lives. It gives us energy to carry out all of our activities. Cells in our bodies need glucose to respire and in the process release the energy we need. Glucose is also a type of carbohydrate. It has a chemical formula of C6H12O6 and is a monosaccharide reducing sugar (Kolej Mara Banting – Students’ Handbook for Biology HL Year 1). It is the simplest form of carbohydrate. In this experiment, sulphuric acid, H2SO4 and potassium permanganate, KMnO4 is added into glucose with different concentration and the time taken for the purple pink colour of potassium permanganate solution to change to colourless is recorded. This is because glucose donates electrons to the permanganate
It was estimated that about 3 million Americans have experienced AASs administration, and about 1 million may be involved with AASs dependence(8). Unfortunately, there are very limited data about other types of PEDs around the world. In Iran, our previous survey showed that 51.7% of bodybuilding athletes had a history of PEDs use (9). This increased rate of PEDs use may imply (about deleted) the high prevalence of PEDs-induced adverse effects with severe and irreversible organ damages (7).
Elevated urine microalbumin/creatinine ratio. His last labs in January did show a mild increase. I will recheck that along with a basic metabolic panel and inform him of those results. A copy of them will be sent to Dr. Dourdoufis, as
Was intact to primary modalities in the upper extremities. Decreased in a stocking distribution bilaterally.
As the use of performance enhancing drugs is becoming more popular amongst athletes, many of them do not understand the risks involved in taking these drugs. Many people are looking for a quick way to build muscles, or to get stronger the fastest way possible. Using these performance aids may very well be a quick fix for many athletes, but taking the drugs is unethical and dangerous. Using special drugs to boost an athlete’s performance is degrading to sports and to the athlete, but after they stop using the drugs and lose some strength, you become
Renal History: The patient learned that he had kidney disease a few years ago. He had a biopsy in October 2012 that showed IgA nephropathy per TGH records. He started dialysis in 2013. Initially, he started peritoneal dialysis for seven months. He had a lot of side effects
athletes, professional cyclists, American baseball players, and even racehorses have tested positive for AAS. However, AAS are no longer the exclusive province of elite athletes. Among school seniors in the United States (18 years of age), the lifetime incidence for steroid use (4.0%) is comparable to that for crack cocaine (3.6%) or heroin (1.8%). Today, it is estimated that over 3million people may have used AAS” (Wood 227). Athletes have used Anabolic Steroids for years in bodybuilding as well as recently in baseball. Anabolic steroids affect the body by making it easier to build muscle mass, but by doing so also affect items like ones heart and reproductive system. “Abuse of anabolic steroids to induce skeletal muscle hypertrophy is widespread amongst
The patient is a 75-year-old female who did see a new pulmonologist (Daniel Kim, DO) as Elvira Aguila, MD left this area. She did have a CT scan done of her lungs. She was told to hold her metformin and had blood work done because of IV contrast. Her creatinine did go up to a high of 1.5, but then on repeat came back to 1.37 with a BUN of 14. I did have her decrease her dose of metformin from 1000 mg b.i.d. to 500 mg b.i.d. She did have a BUN and creatinine done in December of 2014, which showed creatinine of 1.46, BUN of 35. Repeat in March of 2015 showed creatinine of 1.1 with a BUN of 49. The patient has also been found to have proteinuria with a urine microalbuminuria/creatinine
The word “focal” refers to only some glomeruli being scarred while “segmental” indicates that a specific area of a single glomerulus is damaged (U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2015). Minimal change disease is the most prevalent form of nephrotic syndrome in children. It signifies a “histopathologic lesion” in the glomeruli which is consistent with lesions in nephrotic syndrome. Although this form of GN is primarily found in children, it can be seen in adults as well (Mansur, 2015). Poststreptococcal acute glomerulonephritis (PSAGN) is a form of GN which typically follows pharyngitis (inflammation of the pharynx) due to group A, β- hemolytic streptococci (Kalia, 2008). Membranous glomerulonephritis is a type of GN which is immunologically mediated and results from the deposition of immune complexes in the subepithelial space (Mansur, 2014). Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis is a type of nephritis that is particularly common in children and young adults and is characterized by three histological findings. These findings are the spread of mesangial and endothelial cells, stiffening of peripheral capillary walls, and mesangial interposition. There are two types of MPGN with type I being the most common and type II being quite rare (Kathuria, 2015). IgA neuropathy is a renal disorder which arises when IgA deposits in the kidneys. IgA is a protein that aids the body in fighing against infections. Excessive deposition of IgA in the kidneys can lead to protein and blood leaking into the urine (National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 2010). Pauci-immune glomerulonephritis is the primary type of rapidly progressing glomerulonephritis. It refers to the lack of immune deposits witnessed via immunofluorescence. Necrotizing glomerular inflammation is a key histological component of this disease (Moreland, 2004). Crescentic
This paper will look at the performance of blood glucose level (BGL) tests which was carried out during the clinical intensive workshops. This paper will firstly explore and discuss the value and importance of personal reflection in nursing in a health care setting and how personal reflection is a key component in the learning processes of an individual and how it improves skills. Secondly, this paper will identify blood glucose levels and reflect on how I felt I performed this skill during the clinical intensive workshop. Thirdly, discussing how I feel I preformed this skill and how constructive feedback allowed for me to improve my skill to overall result in faster and more efficiently BGL’s. Lastly, this paper will explore how I believe I can improve future BGL’s through improving my speed and how to become faster, this is through becoming more prepared prior to starting a BGL.
The concept is to monitor biomarkers in athletes. Biomarkers are naturally occurring biological indicators, where changes in biological processes or diseases can be identified. The biological data collected can indirectly detect the effect performance enhancing substances have on biomarkers. Abuse of performance enhancing drugs leaves a characteristic mark or pattern on these biomarkers. Scientists can evaluate the
Monitoring Blood Glucose Levels Maintaining normal blood glucose levels greatly reduces the risk of experiencing complications due to diabetes. Whether an individual has Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes, regular use of a glucose monitor to determine blood sugar levels will help determine what adjustments to diet, oral medications, or insulin injections may be necessary to achieve good control. What's Glucose?
The scene is set. It is 2016 in Rio de Janeiro, and the final heat of the Olympics is about to commence. The sprinters have been training their entire lives for the opportunity at hand, and the outcome of the most important event of their lives is going to come down to mere milliseconds. With a gold medal on the line, these athletes will be looking for any advantage they can get, whether big or small. One direction these athletes turn for an advantage is supplements. Supplements have emerged as a way for athletes to increase their performance, yet their use is very controversial. Supplements, varying from simple multivitamins to complex chemical supplements, are used by almost every athlete, whether recreational or professional,
The term ‘’Carbohydrates’’ is defined as the carbon compounds which contains hydroxyl groups in large quantities (King, 2013). Carbohydrates are those organic compounds which have the empirical formula CnH2nOn, or (CH2O)n (Fromm 1997). Carbohydrates are one of the four types of organic compounds in living cells that are produces during photosynthesis and are the important source of energy in both plants and animals (Ahmed 2014). They are built from monosaccharides. These monosacchradies are the small molecules that consists of three to nine carbon atoms and differ in size and in the stereochemical configuration at one or more carbon centers. The simplest carbohydrates also contain either an aldehyde or ketone compounds (freeman 2002). Carbohydrates are classified as simple and complex carbohydrates. The classification of carbohtdydrates is based on the chemical structure of the food and how fast it absorbs. Simple carbohydrates contains single or double sugars in their chemical structure whereas complex carbohydrates consists of three or more sugars (ahmed 2014). There are four major types of carbohydrates depending on their chemical composition.