Nowadays, a large spectrum of the studies focus on nanoparticles. Silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs)

According to, “Teratogens and their effects on Unborn and Nursing Infants,” published by The University of North Texas, there is a list of common teratogens that are known throughout the world and many reasons that lead to a child having chances for these teratogens. According to Kathleen Stassen Berger, writer of, “The Developing Person through Childhood and Adolescence,” she defines behavioral teratogens to be known as agents and conditions that can harm the prenatal brain, impairing the future child’s intellectual and emotional functioning. The teratogen known for behavioral is known to affect the brain in some occasions if damage is affected a lot more so invading the brain and the child intellectuality to function

Pregnancy is a very difficult time in a women’s life, everything that is digested, breathed, and felt affects the fetus. Teratogens are factors that cause developmental problems of an embryo. These factors include stress; toxin such as drug and cigarette use, the health and even the age of the mother can have an impact on the development of the fetus. Teratogen can cause birth defect that may lead to life long consequences to the child. I am very passionate about this topic due to the alarming increase of birth defects and abnormalities that have been occurring during my generation. In America one in every thirty-three babies are born with a defect

Hypothesis stated that environmental agents exposure to the mother while pregnant may contribute to the childs development of ASD (NIH, 2015).

　　　　When these nanobots immigrate into the complex structures, that is the human body, they are introduced to the most sensitive parts especially at the child’s birth, when the blood is fresh and can be easily be exposed to the most diminutive of infections. The blood is at risk for contamination leaving the technology useless and more importantly putting the child’s life at risk for a plethora of infectious disease, more alarmingly the child could die hours after his/her birth. If the nanobots make it past the birth of the child and continues to function in ‘symbiosis’, then that is splendid. Overtime the nanobots become more vulnerable to damage and destruction.

Pregnant mice on gestation day (GD) 01 - 04 exposed to 200 mg/kg of BPA showed fewer implantation sites and mice exposed to 300 mg/kg of BPA eliminated the pregnancy. However, a strain of mice which is more susceptible to stress and implantation failure showed similar effects to the exposure to 100 mg/kg of BPA.

A teratogen is a condition, or agent, that expands the possibilities for prenatal irregularity - which can result in birth complications as well as defects. These agents include, chemicals, viruses drugs, pollutants, stress, malnutrition and more (Berger, pg. 73, 2014). However, not all teratogens have physical defects, but rather mental ones. These are called behavioral teratogens and they affect the brain. However, the age and development of the fetus determines how it will be affected. Some teratogens only effect or damage the fetus during a critical period (Berger, pg. 73, 2014). This is why timing of the exposure to a teratogen(s) affects the risk of harm to the fetus. For example, during the last half of week 3 into most of the 6th week,

Nanotechnology offers enhanced localisation of treatment delivery to brain diseased sites, including hyperthermia, thermal ablation, as well as chemotherapeutic drug delivery and gene therapy. The procedure may also be monitored with various ionising or non-ionising imaging modalities. Theranostics is an emerging medical field that uses nanoparticles for combining diagnosis and treatment on a single nanoscale platform.

The embryonic stage is a critical point in human development where the embryo is very susceptible to teratogens. Teratogens are any harmful substances, such as drugs or toxins, or conditions, such as infections or malnutrition, that can cause harm to the embryo or impair development. The period of exposure and the amount of exposure are key factors in teratogens affecting the embryo. The embryo could also have a genetic disadvantage and be more vulnerable to teratogens or certain biological conditions. So, although there are certain dangers during this stage, some incredible development also takes place. By the end of the embryonic stage, the embryo is about a gram in weight and one inch in

Since aspartame consists of phenylalanine and aspartic acid, it could be easily exposed to the brain. Fetal phenylalanine has the potential to reach levels that kills cells in tissue culture. Experimentally, it has been determined that infants are four times more sensitive to excitotoxins than adults. Plasticity of the brain is important in the learning process. Even when the baby is in the womb, the brain of the infant is being stimulated by sounds, touch, and even light causing changes in the brain's structure in important ways. All of this stimulation causes the pathways in the brain to change and develop. This process of molding the brain continues throughout life, but the majority of growth takes place within the first seven years of life. During these critical years, if unborn and young children are fed drinks or food containing aspartame, over-stimulation can occur. The overall consumption of aspartame by pregnant women and young children can be harmful to the function of the brain.

During prenatal development, teratogens, agents that produce developmental abnormalities, may affect the growing organism, resulting in physical and mental deviations.

The growth of the fetus that takes place during the nine months of prenatal development is a very important and susceptible time. Anything the mother is exposed or even ingests makes its way into the placenta and to the fetus. Some risk factors for prenatal development include the age and nutrition of the mother, exercise, and stress levels. On behalf of environmental factors that can have a negative effect on growth and development of the fetus, teratogens which are substances in the environment that can have a harmful effect on the development of the fetus (Stein, Kline & Kharrazi, 1984) are the main environmental threats. The detrimental effects of teratogens depend on many different factors such as the amount of exposure that the fetus is in contact with, heredity, and any other negative

Bacteria have long since existed alongside humans, and while some are not harmful, there are many that are. Plants are commonly used natural remedies for diseases, and have been known to retain immense antibacterial properties that can fight bacteria. Silver nanoparticles have been also known to possess antimicrobial properties that aid in the fight against various bacteria. The use of plants as well as silver nanoparticles to fight against bacteria has caused much interest in the nanotechnology and medicine fields, and has been the basis of many studies. The purpose of this paper is to scrutinize the antimicrobial potency of silver nanoparticles, and how they may be utilized to fight against various harmful bacteria.

Due to the absence of Schwann cells in the central nervous system (CNS) and the formation of glial scar tissue (which when formed impedes the axon growth as well as myelination), the CNS is unable of self-regeneration or repair of the neurons that are damaged or lost owing to a disease without additional clinical therapy [3]. Ideal goal for PD investigation & therapy involves three major aspects. First, the need of a reliable biomarker for early, pre-symptomatic diagnosis [4]. Second, to improve the drug delivery to the brain across the blood-brain barrier [5]. Third, to facilitate & promote the functional regeneration of the damaged neurons [4]. This review focusses on the use of nanotechnology for the ‘third aspect’ of treatment of PD mentioned above. Also, it briefly summarizes the mechanism by which nanoparticles are used for efficient drug delivery across the BBB.

Due to expansion of the field of nanotoxicology and the escalating number of the published studies on the topic it is, has been and continues to be difficult to publish negative data. NMs are not equally harmful - from a toxicological point of view it is not logical that only positive effects (i.e. harmful) are published, while the negative data (instances where no toxic/adverse effects are attributed to a material) is largely ignored. In order for the field of nanotoxicology to progress it is crucial that both positive and negative outcomes are regarded with equal prominence in well-designed experiments. This is also very important for safe-by-design and legislative purposes.

The driving forces behind this work are related to the increased use of nanopolymers for biomedical purposes. Charged and neutral polymers are routinely used for gene and drug delivery. However, limited studies are performed to test their safety. Therefore, the originality of this work lies in its attempt to evaluate the toxicity of three widely used polymers for delivery of chemotherapeutic agents. Furthermore, we aim to establish efficient methods for nanotoxicity testing through comparing the results of three different models ( 2D, 3D invitro cell cultures and invivo zebrafish embryo)preparing these materials for clinical application.