Organic Chemistry Lab

6-3: This process is used by cells to manufacture _biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products__

Atoms are the basic units of matter and all life is based on them. Life on earth is based on the element carbon. It is a highly versatile atom able to form four covalent bonds with itself or other atoms such as hydrogen and water. Atoms combine to form molecules and those that are carbon based are referred to as organic molecules. Organic molecules occur in four different types in living cells; carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. They are also known as hydrocarbons due to the presence of both hydrogen and carbon. Carbohydrates are made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio 1:2:1. They are important sources of energy and are classified in three main groups; monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides.

Abstract: One mixture of two unknown liquid compounds and one mixture of two unknown solid compounds were separated, isolated, purified, and characterized by boiling point. Two liquid unknowns were separated, isolated, and purified via simple distillation. Then, the process of an acid-base extraction and washing were used to separate two unknown compounds into two crude compounds: an organic acid and a neutral organic compound. Each crude compound was purified by recrystallization, resulting in a carboxylic acid (RCO2H) and a pure organic compound (RZ). The resulting mass of the pure carboxylic acid was 1.688g with a percent recovery of 31.80%, the boiling range was 244-245 °C, and its density was 2.0879g/mL. The resulting mass of the pure organic solid was 2.4902g with a percent recovery of 46.91%, the boiling range was 52.0-53.4°C, and its density was 1.5956 g/mL.

Maleic acid has a melting point of C and Fumaric acid has a melting point of C. The substance that has a higher melting

Significance In the experiment, mass and the number of moles of a particular vapor will be known which will help to identify the molecular weight of the substance. Design and Methods Reagents  Benzene  Unknown Liquid  Distilled water Apparatus  Erlenmeyer flasks  Analytical balance  Thermometer  Beaker  Clamp  Iron stand  Iron ring  Wire gauze  Bunsen burner  Stopper Procedure The following procedure was done separately on benzene and the unknown liquid. A. Preparation of the Apparatus Both Erlenmeyer flasks were cleaned and were weighed using the other as a tare to minimize weighing errors due to the change in temperature and moisture forming on the surface of the flasks which will occur on both flasks, so that in weighing, the tare simply balances that of the weighed flasks. Ten mL of the test liquid was placed in one of the flask, and the flask was immersed in a beaker of water so that only the neck is above the surface. It was secured with a clamp and was tilted slightly so that the round bottom is the lowest part, and the liquid in the flask is clearly seen. B. Volatilization of the Liquid

In this lab, we will use simple indicators to test for the presence of organic molecules. This will be done by using different compounds, indicator solutions. These indicator solutions include Benedict’s solution, Biuret’s solution, Ninhydrin, Iodine, and Amylase. Benedict’s solution is used to detect the presence of sugars, whether they are a monosaccharide or disaccharide. The resting substance is a blue color until it reacts, turning either a yellow, orange, red, or green color, indicating it’s result. It’s reaction itself can take up to ten minutes, as stated by the procedure sheet, although ours would be sped up by the hot water (catalyst). Biuret’s solution is used to determine the presence of protein or peptide (amino acid chain) in

In our third experiment, we observed and recorded different household chemicals and their reactions with chemical reagents. The purpose of this lab was to sharpen our powers of observations and deduce from observed reaction to identify household chemicals. The investigation allowed us to make comparisons of reactions and pattern recognitions. The four household chemicals used in the experiment are Lysol Toilet Bowl Cleaner, baking soda (Arm & Hammer), Vanish Crystal Bowl Cleaner, and Clorox Liquid Bleach. These chemicals were reacted with five reagents including blue food color, 0.1 M Silver nitrate, 0.1% thymol blue, 1.0 M Calcium chloride, and 6 M hydrochloric acid.

What temperature is the freezing point of water? The freezing point of water is 32 degrees Fahrenheit. Its freezing point is also known as 0 degrees Celsius. A 10% of the salt solution was to lower the melting point to -6°C (20°F) and a 20% salt solution was said to lower it to -16° C

The purpose of this lab was to learn how to perform liquid-liquid extraction in order to isolate benzocaine and benzoic acid from a mixture. The initial mass of the impure mixture of benzoic acid and benzocaine was 2.143 g. At the end of the experiment, 0.244 g of benzocaine was obtained, and 0.411 g of the benzoic acid was obtained. The melting point range for the benzocaine was 88.6 degrees Celsius to 90.4 degrees Celsius. The melting point range for the benzoic acid was 122.3 degrees Celsius to 125.6 degrees Celsius.

Dispense .5 mL water into the already weighed conical vial, replace cap and face insert on its down side.

form an ester, unreacted 1-phenylethanol, and vinyl alcohol. The unreacted 1phenylethanol was separated from the ester by column chromatography and confirmed by

The objective of this lab was to witness the change in temperature of cyclohexane with different substances added. There are certain techniques for a solid, liquid, and a gas to have a certain phase change (Hall, 15). There are also different ways for there to be a phase change when it involves a solid, liquid, or a gas. The process of phase change is usually being witnessed in the different weather changes we have. When snow begins to fall in the winter it falls as a liquid, starts to freeze from the atmosphere, then fully freezes when it is set on the ground from the winter temperature. It then begins to melt and turn back into a liquid as the temperature begins to heat up, then evaporates as the liquid starts to boil and steam up. (Phase Change, 17). In this experiment, we hypothesized that our trial three with 0.612 grams of benzoic acid would have the greatest effect on temperature change since it held the greatest amount of mass.

Writing reports in organic chemistry lab may differ from the way it’s done in general chemistry. One goal of this course is to introduce you to the record keeping methods used in research labs. Such methods are designed to organize experimental data in a format similar to that required for publication in major scientific journals. Here are some important considerations that apply in research settings. 1. Your work is unique, meaning that you might be the only person performing certain experiments. 2. Research is an ongoing process. The projects assigned to you will likely continue after you leave. People assigned to those projects will need

Introduction Background Information: Molecules are groups of atoms that have unique, specific properties. They are responsible for everything around you, including you. That is where organic molecules come in. Organic molecules are very important to us, they make up all life on earth. Without organic molecules, life would not be possible.

Benzoic acid was then mixed with the unknown substance. The pure substances of the unknown and Benzoic acid as well as the mixture all melted within 1ºC of one another which showed that the identity of the unknown was Benzoic acid. The experimental melting range for Benzoic acid was 122.0-122.9. The experimental melting range of Benzoic acid found from SynQuest’s was 121-125. While the SynQuest