Parenting Program Analysis

158-159). “In reviewing the literature, the focus was on identifying the impact of parental mental health, the associated risks, the difficulties with the interface working, and proposed solutions” (Duffy et al., 2010, p. 159). Some of concerns expressed for the program to be effective were how mental health and child care services work together, communication between the two, role clarity, and the outcome hoped to be achieved by the development of this program was to provide holistic interventions which could not be provided by just one agency, earlier intervention which was more effective, to decrease staff stress, and to obtain a better outcome for the families involved (Duffy et al.,

Parenting is far more difficult than people make it out to be. According to Carol Gioia, a Senior Community Advisor for Helium Network, “Being a parent is potentially one of the most rewarding life experiences a person can have. It might also be the most difficult, for parenting is a round-the-clock endeavor filled with demands and obligations”. Gioia makes a point that not everyone will live up to be “good parents” because no parent is perfect, but they can be good by enforcing a never-ending supply of unconditional love. In the article “What Makes a Good Parent” Robert Epstein provides that some parenting skills have been proven to conduct better out comes in children’s happiness, health, and behavior. In the memoir The Glass Castle, the

Krysik, J., & Lecroy, C. (2012). Development and Initial Validation of an Outcome Measure for Home Visitation: The Healthy Families Parenting Inventory. Infant Mental Health Journal , 496 - 505.

They studied 8 underserved families with low socioeconomic status. The parents who participated were female and either White or Asian. The children who also participated were Male and female in the 6-10 year old range. The method used was an 8 week session program the called “Group Triple P.” This was an evidence-based, behavioral, psycho educational parenting program for families with children experiencing behavioral, emotional, or family problems. They measured the child’s behavior using the CBCL and the parent’s self-efficiency using the Being a Parent Scale. The families went to the regional center to have the assessments administered.

When parents are stressed, depressed, this can affect the child’s well-being (Cohen & Semple, 2009). There was a program called Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D), that can help to treat mothers with depression (Cohen & Semple, 2009). Mindful interventions can

The demographic data on children was only used to help them determine the participants who had never had a child in their care hence excluding them from the final sample. The parents who were included in the final sample were then rated based on a number of scales. The Resource Parent Knowledge and Beliefs Survey; captured the parent’s self-reported attitudes and beliefs related to parenting traumatized child. The Trauma-Informed Parenting; measure the attitudes and beliefs about parenting a child that has experienced trauma and the parents’ knowledge about how trauma affects children. The Tolerance of Misbehavior; assessed the parent’s ability to care for a child that exhibited behaviors that commonly occur in traumatized children. Parent Efficacy; measured the parent’s overall confidence in their ability to be successful in their parental

Living with a parent suffering from a mental illness can have huge negative effects for the developing child. It has been proven numerous times that there is a genuine link between parental mental illness and its adverse effects for children, e.g. Rutter, 1966, Cleaver et all, 1999. These effects can often manifest themselves as anxiety, self-esteem issues, poor relationships, educational underachievement, and emotional and behavioural problems. It should be noted that an extremely low percentage of mentally unwell parents intentionally abuse their children physically or emotionally. Another interesting facet of the parent-child relationship within the context of mental health, is that oftentimes, the child of a mentally unwell parent can often develop the same mental illness as the parent.

In the past quarter century there has been increasing evidence that the quality of parental care in the early years is vital in the future mental health of children. (Bowlby, 1953)

The over involvement of parents can make the child develop psychological issues. They are shown to have a higher risk of depression, anxiety, lack self-confidence, and have low self-esteem (“Helicopter Parents” Stir Up Anxiety, Depression). It is shown that no matter what parenting technique is being used, every parents goal is to build their child’s self-esteem (Rutherford). Sadly, helicopter parenting does the exact opposite. Equally important, the persons lack of self- confidence comes from the over involvement of their parents in his/her childhood activities and academics. They never experienced failure or loss because the parents were always there to step in, so they never achieved anything to build their confidence (“Helicopter Parents” Stir Up Anxiety, Depression). It is common for a child with helicopter parents to develop depression when moving from their home to

With over three hundred million Americans and over six billion people worldwide parenting skills are essential to maintain a healthy society. Parenting involves many aspects and requires many skills. It is a time to nurture, instruct, and correct to develop fundamental skills children will need to be mature, responsible, and contributing adults to a society. There are four commonly identified parenting styles; authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, and uninvolved parenting. Of the four parenting styles, two remain on opposite ends of the parenting spectrum. These two styles; authoritarian, and permissive both have deleterious results that are often visible throughout different developmental stages, such as rebellious behavior. As well

The researchers (Reising, et al., 2013) demonstrated parents who suffered from depression as well as financial hardship did not have a great relationship with their children impacting their psychopathology internally and externally. Thus (Reising, et al., 2013) revealed there are countless children living in the United States surrounded by triggers that may direct them to apprehension, for instance, parents who have suffered or are still suffering from compulsive dejection, financial economic hardship, and parents who are neglectful are a few characteristics that can and may influence children and adolescent to stress leading them to behave in a manner that is not aligned with their community. The following research article are in accordance with the previous literature review relating to parental stress and depression does have an influence on children’s behavior:

It is becoming more recognized and well- known around the world that the mental well-being of one’s parents largely affects the development and or the emotional and mental states of oneself. Research is becoming much more widespread and researchers could make important recommendations on how to intervene in the lives of children with parents suffering from mental illness to best prevent harm to their health and well-being as they grow. It has been found that the most common mental illnesses among people of child-bearing age are anxiety, depression, and eating disorders. Most policy however deals with the care of children whose parents must be hospitalized due to their conditions. Much of the current research though aims to show that even those which do not require extreme medical intervention can impact children physically, emotionally, socially, cognitively, etcetera.

It is apparent throughout research parents have a high impact on the outcomes of adolescent emotional regulations and the behavior during adolescents (Feldman, 2011; Jabeen, Haque, & Riaz, 2013; Millings et al., 2012). Jabeen et al. (2013) states "parents play a crucial role in the social and emotional development of children" (pg.85). This part parent's play can be effected as stated above and the fluidity of parenting styles and their effects on adolescents should be observed. Through research looking at performance in school by Areepattamannil (2010), finds that supportive parenting yields higher achievement in school and is nearly as close in relationship to socioeconomic status.

Over the course of an individual’s life span, one is seen forming relationships with several people in whom they find their presence an important aspect to their life. However, among these relationships, parent-child relationships are the most valuable, but also very complex. These relationships are built from a foundation of interaction starting from the birth of the child to their adulthood. Unfortunately, if this involvement is not present within a child’s life, it can ultimately cause them to feel neglected causing outrageous conflicts, behavior issues and emotional disputes. Parental involvement within a child’s life allows them to gain a sense of security ultimately increasing new learning of the child

The scope of this research is to determine the impact of individuals experience of parentification on their psychological wellbeing. First the literature review will provide a synopsis of the scope of the problem of parentification and will review and critique existing documented literature on the causes of parentification (e.g., lack of resources, parent illness), and the effects of parentification (lack of support, validation, deflated self-esteem). Similarly, literature regarding the development periods of adolescence and adulthood will be examined to discuss key tasks associated with each period. Also, a comprehensive evaluation of psychological well-being and its dimensions will be discussed, and an examination of how well-being can be implicated through the experience of parentification will be conducted using documented literature. In addition, the role of cultural differences (individualistic versus collectivist cultures) in parentification will be