Pathophysiology Of Essential Hypertension

Essential hypertension can often be without symptoms and only discover that their blood pressure is high during a doctor’s appointment. Essential hypertension can begin at any age, however it most often occurs first during the middle-age years. Hypertension is usually asymptomatic until complications develop in affected organs. Common effects of hypertension range from dizziness, flushed facies, headache, fatigue, epistaxis, to nervousness. Severe hypertension, a hypertensive crisis, can cause severe cardiovascular, neurologic, and renal. Aneurysms, abnormal bulges that forms in the wall of an artery, develop. They develop and grow for long periods of time, sometimes years, without any visible signs or symptoms until they either rupture, grow

Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, has become a major risk factor for several types of heart disease across the globe. In the United States alone, nearly 70 million adults have been diagnosed with this condition [1]. Hypertension is a condition in which arterial walls experience extreme force from blood flowing through; long-term force against artery walls will lead to more serious health problems such as stroke, renal failure, and other cardiovascular diseases [2]. If the proper steps to treat hypertension are not taken, patients have a high risk of developing atherosclerosis, a condition that causes arteries to harden significantly. Smoking, obesity, lack of physical activity, high alcohol consumption, and high sodium intake are factors that may cause an individual to be diagnosed with hypertension [3] Detection of hypertension is crucial in order to reduce the incidence of death by cardiovascular disease [1].

John’s long standing Hypertension causes his heart to work harder, putting more strain on his heart and arteries. In order to achieve a gradient in pressure by which blood flows from an area of higher pressure to one of lower pressure, the left ventricle must exceed the increased pressure in the arterial system (Ref).

The major health problem selected for this project was hypertension (Harrison et al, 2011). It is identified as a cardio vascular disease risk factor such as dementia, chronic kidney disease, coronary heart disease, and stroke (NICE, 2011). It can be missed easily, as in various instances it is asymptomatic as well as it is also known as a silent killer. The Hypertension is thought to be a disease of vascular regulation ensuing from arterial pressure control mechanisms malfunction (extracellular fluid volume, rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and CNS) that results in elevation of BP by means of enhanced peripheral vascular resistance, and cardiac output. There are 2 basic hypertension types. Around 90 to 95 percent of the individuals have primary hypertension which is linked with change in lifestyle as well as needs medical treatment. On the other hand, 5-10% has secondary hypertension which is linked with various other diseases for instance pregnancy, thyroid, and renal (Haslam and James, 2005). It is estimated that around 1 in 20 adults will have increased BP of 160/100 mmHg and above that results in either more than one predisposing aspects (Gemmell et al, 2006).

Hypertension is characterized as an elevation in blood pressure. A blood pressure reading consistently of 140/90 mm Hg or higher is classified as high blood pressure (Appel & Linas, 2012). Hypertension is classified as two forms and they are Essential hypertension and Secondary hypertension. Essential hypertension mainly develops through lifestyle factors such as diets high in salt or low in potassium, lack of exercise, and obesity (Appel & Linas, 2012). Secondary hypertension

Hypertension, defined as blood pressure readings higher than 140/90 mmHg taken on three different occasions, is one of the chronic diseases that poses major health problems to countless Americans and a major issue to almost every racial group living in the United States of America. In the simplest of words, hypertension forces the heart to pump blood harder throughout the body through blood arteries and veins. Such pumping can result in problems with the proper functioning of the heart. Hypertension does not only affect the heart. Many organs throughout the human body can get damaged due to the high pressured blood pumping towards them by the heart. Hypertension can cause the kidneys to dysfunction and also result in aneurysm. Apart from heart problems such as strokes and heart attacks, hypertension can result in the speedy aging of the human brain at a young age, which eventually results in neurotic problems as age increases.

There are two types of hypertension depending on the etiology; primary and secondary hypertension. Primary hypertension is as a result of idiopathic causes and develops gradually for many years. It is therefore associated with the adults. The most probable causes of primary HTN are poor lifestyle choices like poor diet, stress, obesity and sedentary life styles (Mayoclinic staff, 2014). The other type –secondary hypertension- is caused by underlying known diseases. The most common diseases which cause this type of high blood pressure are associated with the endocrine system (Mayoclinic staff, 2014).

Long-term hypertension can result in a variety of consequences. These consequences are the result of the heart having to adapt and work harder, i.e. against an increased afterload due to the increased systolic pressure. The heart adapts via hypertrophy of the smooth muscle. Chronic hypertension can also lead to a disruption of the endothelium, thus increasing the

Blood pressure is taken in order to assess any precautions for treatment. An elevated blood pressure between the ranges of 130-139/85-89 mmHg is known as prehypertension. Prehypertension is a health concern due to an increase risk for cardiovascular disease and organ damage if continued left untreated. Cardiovascular related events associated with prehypertension include heart failure and myocardial infarction. Prehypertension can be caused by an increased amount of stress, lifestyle changes, or can be caused by a secondary disease. Factors that can influence high blood pressure include obesity, smoking, alcohol, excessive sodium intake, lack of physical activity, and diet. Secondary diseases associated with high blood pressure include diabetes mellitus and kidney disease.

However, the current studies indicated critical findings about the damage that the systolic blood stress causes in the body. And as a result the pondering has changed and now it is believed that systolic blood stress would possibly even be a better menace in older patients than an elevation of the diastolic

Conditions such as hypertension and coronary artery disease cause an increase in blood pressure. Blood pressure increases when arteries become narrow as a result of hardening or due to build up of fat deposits; both of which are major

According to research, more than 1 in 3 individuals of the American population have some form of cardiovascular disease. Hypertension is at the forefront for being the most widespread circulatory problem in adults. This condition is distinguished by a person having consistent elevated blood pressure. Although the ranges for healthy blood pressure is different for everyone, medicine tells us that the ideal pressure should remain near 120/80 mmHg. These numbers are a representation of the force being exerted into our arterial system. The first number (Systolic) displays the amount of force upon the arterial walls while the heart beats. Whereas, the second reading (Diastolic) is a measurement of pressure while the heart is relaxed. One notably

Hypertension is a common health problem especially among people over age of 60 years. This disease is diagnostic when a patient blood pressure is more than 140 to 159 over 90 to 99. Blood pressure refers to the pressure that blood applies to the inner walls of the Diabetes is an endocrine system disorder that occurs when the body is unable to control or balance the amount of sugar in blood and within bodily tissues. You know that the human body is like a machine, with organ systems that are specialized in certain functions, and interact with each other to allow all vital functions to happen. For the body to stay healthy, it is essential that its internal environment is stable and balanced despite the different changes that can occur inside

Basically, arterial blood pressure (BP) is directly proportional to the product of blood flow (cardiac output, CO) and the resistance to passage of blood through pre-capillary arterioles (peripheral vascular resistance, PVR) Hypertension can be caused by either an increase in Cardiac Output (CO) or by an increase in Peripheral Resistance (PR)

The two major types of hypertension are primary and secondary. Primary hypertension accounts for more than 90% of all cases and has no known cause, although it is hypothesized that genetic factors, hormonal changes, and the altercations in sympathetic tone all may play a role in its development. Secondary hypertension develops as a consequence of an underlying disease or condition. The prevention and treatment of hypertension is a major public health issue. When blood pressure is controlled, cardiovascular, renal disease, and stroke may be prevented. The JCN, reported more than 122 million individuals in American are overweight or obese, consume large amounts of dietary sodium and alcohol, and do not eat adequate amounts of fruits and vegetables; less than 20% exercise regularly. Both modifiable and non-modifiable factors play a role in the development of hypertension