Process Description: Fresh Methanol

14 mL of 9 M H2SO4 was added to the separatory funnel and the mixture was shaken. The layers were given a small amount of time to separate. The remaining n-butyl alcohol was extracted by the H2SO4 solution therefore, there was only one organic top layer. The lower aqueous layer was drained and discarded. 14 mL of H2O was added to the separatory funnel. A stopper was placed on the separatory funnel and it was shaken while being vented occasionally. The layers separated and the lower layer which contained the n-butyl bromide was drained into a smaller beaker. The aqueous layer was then discarded after ensuring that the correct layer had been saved by completing the "water drop test" (adding a drop of water to the drained liquid and if the water dissolves, it confirms that it is an aqueous layer). The alkyl halide was then returned to the separatory funnel. 14 mL of saturated aqeous sodium bicarbonate was added a little at a time while the separatory funnel was being swirled. A stopper was placed on the funnel and it was shaken for 1 minute while being vented frequently to relieve any pressure that was being produced. The lower alkyl halide layer was drained into a dry Erlenmeyer flask and 1.0 g of anhydrous calcium chloride was added to dry the solution. A stopper was placed on the Erlenmeyer flask and the contents were swirled until the liquid was clear. For the distillation

In this experiment, distillations were done. This is a technique that utilizes the differing boiling points of two or more compounds in a mixture in order to separate the compounds from the mixture. The way fractional distillation works is that the initial mixture is boiled up to the point of the lower boiling point compound; this compound then evaporates. This compound is then

7. Plan: Each student in a group of three will work to purify the product of the reaction with cis-stilbene, trans-stilbene, or styrene. The crude products will be purified through recrystallization. This purification process will be performed several times. When the recrystallization is complete, a vacuum filtration will be executed to filter out the crystals. An NMR spectrum will be taken of the recrystallized product.

Simple distillation is a separation technique which can be used to separate and purify distillates from a liquid mixture which ideally contains one volatile and one non-volatile compound. If such ideal conditions are not possible—as is usually the case—then simple distillation can be applied as long as the liquid in question is composed of compounds that differ in volatility such that their boiling points differ by at least 40 to 50 degrees Celsius. Because

The decanted liquid had to be placed back into the freezer in order to refreeze the crystals to allow them to be decanted off. This could have caused a portion of the product to have been lost, thus affecting the percent yield and purity of the final product. Furthermore, there was an oiled substance thought to be a contaminant in the product after the addition of hot methanol and hot water to the Erlenmeyer flask. This contaminant was left in the Erlenmeyer flask to see whether or not it had an effect on the final product, but once the activated charcoal was added into the Erlenmeyer flask, the contaminant seemed to have latched onto the charcoal. Since it latched onto the charcoal and the charcoal was filtered out by way of gravity filtration, the contaminant is thought to have been filtered out as well. While the contaminant seemed to have been filtered out by the gravity filtration, there could be a small portion of the contaminant that remained in the filtered-out product, thus affecting the percent yield and purity of the final product as

After 20 mL of methanol, 2.91 g of 2-naphthol, 1.71 g KOH, and a few boiling chips were combined in a small round-bottom flask and allowed to react, 1.8 mL iodoethane was added. The mixture was boiled for two hours with a reflux condenser; after adding 50 mL of cold water, the flask was sealed with a plastic stopper and parafilm and stored in a freezer for several days.

The reaction created in the lab was a condensation reaction, specifically a fischer esterification reaction. This reaction is created by combination of a carboxylic acid and alcohol group with loss of water. A very noticible property of ester products are the oders they produce, which is usually described as fruity. For example, propyl methanoate is described as smelling like apples. Butyl heptanoate has a distinct sent of coconut. Also pentyl ethanoate has a banana scent when created. Lastly propyl butanoate is described as smelling like pears.

1.) Briefly explain the concept of steam distillation. What is the difference between a simple distillation and a steam distillation? When a mixture of two immiscible liquids are distilled it is referred to as codistillation. This process is referred to as steam distillation when one of the liquids is water. This distillation is used to separate organic liquids from natural products and reaction mixtures in which the final product results in high boiling residues such as tars, inorganic salts, and other relatively involatile components. It is useful in isolating volatile oils from various parts of plants and not useful in the final purification of a

A. Methanol as liquid

The purpose of this experiment was to separate a two component mixture using fractional distillation. Distillation is a process of vaporization than condensation of a substance, used primarily to separate substances from a mixture when there are different boiling points. Fractional distillation is when the mixture has multiple substances with similar boiling points, and a fractional column is used to create multiple vaporization/condensation cycles. Fractional distillation is important when two or more substances need to be separated, but they have similar boiling points.

The purpose of mixing methanol and the catalyst (NaOH) is to react the two substances to form Methoxide. The amount of Methanol used should be 20% of the volume of the oil NaOH does not readily dissolve into Methanol. It is best to turn on the mixer to begin agitating the Methanol and slowly pour the NaOH in. When particles of NaOH cannot be seen, the Methoxide is ready to be added to the oil. This can usually be achieved in 20 –30 minutes

Introduction The lab was a distillation lab that involved 2 miscible liquids, water and 1-propanol in a 50% volume per volume mixture. These two solutions created an azeotrope where the two liquids have a constant boiling point throughout the distillation. The method used to distill the 1-propanol was fractional distillation, this involved packed fractionating columns that were attached to a distilling flask, when the hot vapour hit the cold packaging, the Liebig condenser, it was condensed. This was repeated many times so the final solution condensed was most likely pure 1-propanol.

Water Refiners in Ocala FL are systems added to the existing water lines in a building to reduce chemicals that are used during the purification process at the treatment facilities. Many of these systems contain an activated carbon filtration system that cleanses

Methanol as a biofuel is an environmental friendly substitute to pure diesel and can be obtained from biomasses. Use of biofuels such as methanol for combustion process is associated with positive environmental impacts. Using pure methanol or blended with diesel fuel in automotive has been proposed by researchers. In this paper, methanol was injected into combustion chamber of a ISM 370 HD diesel engine and exhaust emissions of this engine which took advantage of pure methanol were evaluated by using AVL FIRE CFD code software at four engine speeds (1200, 1400, 1600 and 1800 rpm). Additionally, influences of EGR mass fraction and various injection timings were investigated. For validation of simulation, in-cylinder mean pressure and rate of

Distill methanol from water using a simple distillation apparatus and fractional distillation apparatus to determine which is a more accurate form of distillation.