Pulmonary Mycobacterium Avium Complex ( Mac ) Infection

With the close proximity infection range TB is known for completes the remainder of the epidemiologic triangle. Overcrowded environments are the coal to the fire of this transmittable disease with outbreaks capable of occurring, infection hundreds. Common symptoms of this active form of tuberculosis include: weight loss, coughing, fatigue, fever, night sweats, chills, and loss of appetite (MayoClinic, 2014). The Mayo Clinic also states that it is believed that 2 billion (one third) of the world population is living with Latent TB (2014). This emphasizes the need for public health and community involvement in order to completely abolish this disease from our planet.

Tuberculosis is a disease of an infectious nature caused by a bacterium known as mycobacterium tuberculosis. The disease spreads through the air. People with the disease can spread it to susceptible people through coughing, sneezing, talking or spitting. It mainly affects the lungs and other parts such as the lymph nodes and kidneys can also be affected. The symptoms for TB are fatigue, coughing, night sweats, weight loss and fever. One third of the population of the world is affected with mycobacterium tuberculosis. The rate of infection is estimated to be one person per second. About 14 million people in the world are infected with active tuberculosis. Drug resistant TB has been recorded to be a serious public health hazard in many countries. Resistant strains have developed making it difficult to treat the disease. TB has caused millions of death mainly in people living with HIV/AIDS ADDIN EN.CITE Ginsberg19981447(Ginsberg, 1998)1447144717Ginsberg, Ann M.The Tuberculosis Epidemic: Scientific Challenges and OpportunitiesPublic Health Reports (1974-)Public Health Reports (1974-)128-13611321998Association of Schools of Public Health00333549http://www.jstor.org/stable/4598234( HYPERLINK l "_ENREF_3" o "Ginsberg, 1998 #1447" Ginsberg, 1998). The World Health Organization came up with the DOTS (Directly Observed, Therapy, Short course) strategy. The approach involves diagnosing cases and treating patients with drugs for about 6-8

Tuberculosis is caused by the bacteria “Mycobacterium Tuberculosis” and is mainly causes infection of the lungs (WHO, 2016). Its mode of transmission is airborne, so it can be passed on by inhalation of airborne droplets which carrying the bacteria, when an infected patient coughs, sneezes, or spits the TB germs into the air (WHO, 1026). Among the symptoms of active TB are: cough with sputum and blood, chest pains, weakness, fever and night sweats (WHO, 2016). Most at risk to get the TB infection are people with weakened immune system such as people who are suffering from chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, severe kidney disease, silicosis and especially HIV infection (CDC, 2016). Children and Tobacco users are also at greater risk to fall ill with TB.

According to the World Health Organization, tuberculosis (TB) is the number two killer worldwide due to a single infectious agent (WHO, 2017). In 2015, 10.4 million new cases have been identified and 1.8 million people have died from this disease (WHO, 2017). TB is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium TB, and the majority of TB deaths occur in low and middle-income countries. This disease is curable and preventable, but the lack of access to proper healthcare and medication administration makes it a concern for the most of the world’s population. TB is an airborne disease that can transmit when an infected person coughs, sneezes, spits, laughs, or talks. The majority of TB cases can be cured when the right medications are available and

TB is an unevenly spread disease due to structural violence and cultural arrangements present in today’s society. These unnatural causes create a social and medical barrier that makes TB more

The transmission of this infection is known to be passed from one individual to another by the faecal – oral route.

Consideration of underlying host factors allows for a rational choice of antibacterial agent. Patients are considered to have ‘simple COPD’ or ‘complicated COPD’ based on: (i) the severity of underlying lung disease; (ii) the frequency of exacerbations; and (iii) the presence of comorbid conditions. It is proposed that patients with simple COPD are treated with doxycycline, a newer macrolide, or an extended-spectrum oral cephalosporin; and patients with complicated COPD are treated with amoxicillin/clavulanate or a fluoroquinolone. The major goals of antibacterial therapy for exacerbations of COPD are acceleration of symptom resolution and prevention of the complications of exacerbation.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a pathogen, which its physiology is directly linked to features of tuberculosis that it causes. The crucial feature for a mycobacteria’s survival is its unique cell wall structure. The insoluble cell wall core of MTB is formed by a large variety of lipid-containing molecules, such as mycolic acid, that are covalently attached (6). This hydrophobic cell wall provides a physical protection from the host immune response and serves as a barrier against many toxic insults (2). Further, the complex MTB cell wall is impermeable to both hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecules, resulting in inherent resistance of MTB to most common antibiotics (8). Lipoarabinomannan is an antigen on the outside of the organism. This antigen is another important component of the cell wall because it inhibit the fusion of Mycobacterium-containing phagosomes with lysosomal compartments (4). Lipoarabinomannan hinders the fusion of phagosome with lysosome by impairing Ca2+/calmodulin pathway and inactivates macrophages (8). Therefore, this cell-surface component of MTB is able to facilitate the survival of mycrobacteria within macrophages (8). Also, MTB is able to survive the harsh environment of the host tissues by utilizing any available

Chronic bronchitis, the fourth leading cause of death in the United States, is a main component of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) that is characterized by airflow limitation that is irreversible. Clinically chronic bronchitis is defined as prolonged inflammation of the bronchi and bronchioles that leads to insistent coughing and overproduction of mucus recurrently for at least three months per year, two years in a row (Mannino, 2002). Inflammation decreases the diameter of both the bronchi and bronchioles and consequently makes breathing much more challenging. Smoking is the number one risk factor of chronic bronchitis. According to the

This paper aims to explore the etiology, epidemiology, pathophysiology and the treatment of Bronchiectasis. This disease continues to affect various conditions that tend to affect and even cause damage to the lungs. For this paper, we will also present a variety of research studies, which will show statistics of this condition, and how it is being treated to reduce its effects among patients.

The main bacteria are H. influenzae and Strep. pneumoniae. This leads to severe inflammation of the bronchial tree resulting in mucopurulent sputum, further airway obstruction and constitutional reaction. H. influenzae may persist in the sputum and may cause fibrosis and scarring of the distant alveoli or at times emphysema. Airway obstruction This is the most important functional abnormality and is caused by numbers of factors, e.g., overproduction of mucus, inflammatory swelling and oedema, spasm of smooth muscle, fibrosis, air trapping at bronchioles and emphysema. In the earlier part of the disease intermittent and later on permanent obstruction develops. With severe airway obstruction PEF and FEVI are diminished and the FEVI/FVC ratio falls below -5 per cent. However, this does not correlate

Historically pneumonia has been of the most persistent and deadly diseases known to man. As there are multiple causative factors, the incidence of respiratory infection has always been high. It has only been relatively recently with the advent of anatomy and modern diagnostic tests has medicine sought to understand the pathophysiology and the etiology used to diagnose this often-deadly condition. Diagnosing the what has caused the infection is often the first step as this is what determines the course of treatment. It is also important to clinicians and practitioners of medicine that one must understand what an infection of the lungs can do to a human body. Lastly, the treatments and medications used to bring the patient back to health must be understood and the clinician should take steps to be familiar for every common type of pneumonia.

Mycoplasma pneumoniae is an atypical bacterium that may result in lung infection by causing damage in the lining of the respiratory tract.

production of excessive purulent sputum (Barnes, 2014). This recurrence of bronchiolar infections can induce the release of more number of neutrophils as well as macrophagial cells, which will in- turn releases some proteolytic- enzymes. These enzymes will destroy the alveolar cells resulting in inflammation, mucosal edema with severe infection that again

Tuberculosis is among the fatal diseases that are spread through the air. It’s contagious, meaning that it spreads from one infected individual to another, and at times it spreads very fast. In addition to being contagious, the disease is an opportunist infection as it takes advantage of those with weak defense mechanism, and especially the ones with terminal diseases like HIV and AIDS. Tuberculosis is therefore among the major concerns for the World Health Organization due to its contagious nature (World Health Organization 1).