Essay on Review of Janet Abbate's Inventing the Internet

It is important to know the history of the internet. The internet is a worldwide network of computer systems that are connected to each other by cables (Howe, 2012). The internet first started out as a military experiment. In 1957, the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) was created by the United States department of Defense (Computer History Museum, 2004). The project was started after the Russians launched a satellite into space for communication reasons. The satellite was called SPUTNIK (Computer History Museum, 2004). It was rumored that President Eisenhower got worried and decided to get the United States to launch its own satellite. They recruited Dr. Joseph C. Licklider of MIT, was made head of the Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO)(Computer History Museum, 2004). Their purpose of the project was to focus on improving the military use of computer information.

The author compares the difference from the past and the present and how the internet has changed not only himself, but others and the way that they are able to understand and focus due to the long-term use of the web. While comparing the past and the present the author gathers information from well know writers that feel the same way about the effects of the web. The author's choice of personal experiences, vivid imagery and analysis backed by research hook the reader and persuades them to believe that today's technology is causing mainly problems.

Over the course of the next twenty years it was mainly utilized by the United States military and government to communicate with each other during the “cold war” with the Soviet Union, and the allies of the United States. By 1982 the concept and use of the Internet had been reshaped by the Internet Protocol Suite (IPS). (CNN.org) The idea eventually evolved and was adapted by the United States in 1986, when the Internet Protocol Suite expanded and began to provide access to supercomputer sites for research and educational organizations. The internet further evolved by the mid-1990’s into the mass commercial use we see today, with many early use restrictions lifted. Since then the Internet has continued to expand and continues to advance. (Wikipedia.org)

Overall, the book tells us about the people involved the making of the Internet. Through the efforts of these geniuses, we see that the work on the "Arpanet" and Internet, as in the rest of the field of computing, was a team effort, with contributions from many individuals and organizations. And, as stated earlier, this effort also had much government support. Thus, many people and institutions were responsible in the making of this incredible instrument of computer technology.

The internet started as a project funded by the Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA), this agency is a branch of the military. Initially, the internet was used to connect the University of Utah with three other institutions in California. The reason for this connection was to make effective use of the very expensive computers that these institutions housed by having them share information, this network system came to be known as ARPANET. One of the first applications used through this network was Telnet, which allowed researchers to remotely control the computers connected to the ARPANET.

As outlined by Lewis (2014), the design of the Internet reflects the spirit of the 1990s, which envisioned the collapse of the Soviet Union as a new chapter in world order. It signalled a hope to the end of interstate conflicts,

The first decade of the second millennium has seen a technological and communicational boom, something especially seen in everything which is inside or related to the internet. The internet and its facilities has become a very big part of the human of today as it is useful not only to individual people but to groups of people.

The concept of the Internet was developed in the late 1950s while the United States was in the midst of the Cold War with the Soviet Union. At that time, the U.S. Department of Defense needed a computer network that wouldn’t be disrupted

Chances are you know someone right now that was alive before the internet was even in the works. In just thirty four years the internet has advanced further than anyone ever expected it to. The internet is everywhere and being in things such as computers, phones, tablets, televisions and many other pieces of technology, it has an endless amount of uses. Before the internet, news would not travel as fast and less things were known about the world and the people in it. During the early age of the computer, computers were expensive to produce and operate, and were separated by distance and purpose, forcing a single person who wanted to access multiple functions and information to physically travel to a site where multiple computers were located. The internet which in its early stage was known as ARPANET was created by the US Department of Defenses Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). The concept of ARPANET was first thought of in 1962 when a man by the name of J.C.R. Licklider who attended MIT wrote a series of memos in August 1962 discussing his "Galactic Network" concept. He imagined a world wide system, all of which was connected by computers where everyone could quickly access data and programs from any site at any time. His idea very was much like the Internet of the world we live in now. Licklider was the first head of the computer research program at ARPA, starting in October 1962. While at ARPA he convinced his successors, Bob Taylor,

The internet is an international technology with no limitations and centralized control over the online information. The Internet has developed and evolved rapidly over the last few years. Fifteen years ago, many countries around the world were neither interested to the Internet nor aware of the existence of the term, however the internet is now mentioned almost daily through the variety of media (Liang & Lu 2010). The history of the internet began in the late 1960s when the U.S. Defense Department authorized the Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA) to develop computer network to avoid a nuclear threat. Because of its characteristic as a decentralized structure of computer communication developed to only survive from nuclear attack, the internet is not an entity capable of being

The Internet started in the early 1960s as a way for the government to communicate and share information. The start of Cold War between the United States of America and the former Soviet Union led to the formation of the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET). Transfer Control Protocol/Internetwork Protocol (TCP/IP) was established at 1983 as a new communication protocol to enable different

The Internet is a child of the 1960s. 1969 was when the first network of computers, ARPANET, communicated with one another. I took a full decade before the Internet was developed. In 1984, domain names were introduced, bringing with them, the familiar suffixes of “com” and “org” (Anonymous, 2013).

the global (A Brief History of the Internet, n.d.). For this paper, I have chosen to focus on how

The Internet which is associated with Information Technology (IT), have been widely recognised as one of the most important international marketing tool around the world for the past decade. As Li and Ye (1999) highlighted, the Internet has provided a strategic resource that may support firms in achieving operational efficiency and functionality for operations that are done internationally. Advanced Research Projects Agency NETWORK was commissioned by the US Department of Defence (ARPANET) was started in 1969, currently known as the Internet, was an experimental network aimed to link university computer centres throughout the U.S. UCLA was the first node to be established with the follow ups of Stanford Research Institute, UCSB (Santa Barbara) and University of Utah (Netvalley 2004). ARPANET was then divided into MILNET (MILitary NETwork), used primarily for government and military purposes, and NSFNET (National Science Foundation NETwork), used to support education and research in the 1980s (Pallab, 1996). Consequently in 1989, the World Wide Web (WWW), an interactive graphical communications channel that transmit specially formatted documents in digital form through a system of internet servers. Was invented by Tim Berners- Lee at the European Centre for a Nuclear Research (Cern) and is probably the most important development to date for the Internet (Samiee 1998; Webopedia 2004).

They wanted to devise an inter-networking system (or internet) whereby different networks could ‘talk’ to one another. Arpanet devised TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol). This was a set of rules for communication between networks. The Internet became a network of networks. Only the military stayed outside of this for security reasons. In 1988, there were 50,000 computers attached to the Internet. By 1991, there were 1 million. However, it was difficult to access the information contained on the Internet as the system had little organisation. This problem was solved by Tim Berners-Lee, a British scientist studying at a research facility in Switzerland. He invented a method of organising information which he called the world-wide-web (www). His system linked documents from different sources and guided users to related information. The www was first used by the public in 1991 and it allowed the transfer of text, sound, images and video clips. Above all else, it was simple to use.