Thalidomide

group. The location of this hydroxyl functional group will impact the molecular structure of the

The combination of a carbonyl (C=O) group and hydroxyl (−OH) group on the same carbon atom results in the formation of a carboxyl (−COOH) functional group. Compounds containing at least one carboxyl functional group are commonly known as carboxylic acids, and have the general molecular formula CnH2n+1COOH. Carboxylic acids with two or more carboxyl groups are called dicarboxylic acids, tricarboxylic acids, etc. The carboxyl group is one of the most frequently occurring functional groups in chemistry and biochemistry. Apart from the carboxylic acids, the carboxyl group also parents a large family of related compounds called carboxylic acid derivatives (amides, esters, thioesters, acyl halides, anhydrides, etc.)

Organic chemistry is the scientific study of organic materials, those that contain carbon atoms. Organic compounds are classified into families that are known as homologous series. The members of each homologous series share some common features. A homologous series is composed of compounds that have the same general formula (functioning group), usually the only differentiation is the length of the carbon chain or number of monomers. The difference in the length of the carbon chain can have an effect on many physical properties of the chemical, for example the boiling point. Alcohols are organic compounds in which one or more hydroxyl (-OH) groups is bound to a carbon atom. This group of compounds plays a key role in the world, ranging from alcoholic beverages to medicine to being important compounds in organic chemistry. Boiling point is the point at which liquids become heated to such an extent that its molecules begin to turn into a gas, this is due to the addition of energy to the molecules. Molecular mass is a number that equals the sum of the combined atomic masses of all the atoms in a molecule.

3. State the name and structure of the functional group for each type of biologically

The term chiral can be used to describe an organic molecule if it is consists of a carbon atom which is attached to four different groups around it.

The molecular relationships consists of the bonding vibrations between specific elements. Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen bonds are commonly witnessed in IR spectra. The focus on the bonding vibrations associated with these elements leads to IR’s use in organic chemistry. A key use of IR spectra is to determine functional groups within compounds and also to verify compound purity. For this experiment, the IR spectra will be used to determine plausible functional groups that exists in the samples. These functional groups will be verified or disregarded by the MS spectra ion fragment weights and the spectra produced by Hydrogen-1 and Carbon-13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Thalidomide or ‘Wonder Drug” was introduced in Australia in 1956. It was considered, in all areas to be safe, even an overdose from this drug didn’t result in death, just an extra-long sleep. It was so named “Wonder Drug” because it was said to help with headaches, insomnia, coughing and it was an effective pain killer, it was also supposed to help pregnant women with morning sickness. Everyone started buying and using this drug and it wasn’t until years later that scientists connected a rise in babies with severe abnormalities with the use of Thalidomide.

Studies performed by Porco et al. tried to determine where the issue with overprescribing antibiotics lies, and the overall message is that antibiotics are being overprescribed and the cost of it is the rise of antibiotic resistant bacteria that affect society as a whole to relieve the symptoms of few individuals. [1] While antibiotics seem to be a necessary evil at the current time, the need for new treatments increases as these class of medicine becomes less effective and more problematic as they are continued to be used. Not only are antibiotics an issue but other medicines like those containing isotretinoin, commonly known as Accutane. Isotretinoin is a form of Vitamin A that helps to the production of the hair follicle and reduces the production of sebum. [2] The FDA provides extensive documentation for this medicine that requires women taking this medicine to be extremely mindful of pregnancy potential due to known birth defects caused by Accutane, along with a list of side effects possible for the individual taking it. For example, the

Thalidomide interfered with embryonic and fetal development in ways not observed in rodent tests. The rodent models failed as a model for this drug. With this discovery, it ignited the debate about the “proper use of cross-species testing during drug development.” (Tantibanchachai, & Yang, 2014). After the initial discovery of Thalidomide, they began to study the effects of it as teratogens and to see how they could have missed this. “In 1962 a study titled "Thalidomide and Congenital Abnormalities," by Victor Knapp, George Christie, and Mary Seller, looked at the teratogenic effects of Thalidomide on rats, mice, and rabbits” (Tantibanchachai, & Yang, 2014). They began to use a wide variety of animals in their experiments and still found the same results, no deformities in the offspring of these animals after

Part three of the lab was about recognizing isomers. Isomers are compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structure formulas. If the structures have the same molecular formula but are connected differently are called structure isomers. Structure isomers have similar in chemical and properties. Enantiomers are a pair of molecules that are mirror images of each other and if there are not they are diastereomers. A cis isomer has atoms on the same side of the double bond. A trans isomer has atoms on the opposite sides of the double

chemicals. Many women, who took diethylstilbestrol (DES) to prevent miscarriages, increased the risk for breat cancer in their children.

Each amino acid is relatively simple in construction. Three atoms compose the backbone, one nitrogen and two carbons. One end of the molecule has an amino functional group, or N terminus. The central atom is a carbon, followed by a carboxylic acid at the C-terminus. The difference between each of the amino acids lies within the structures of their R’ groups. These R’ groups determine many of the properties that are unique to each amino acid.

are specific to only a few product molecules (the ones that will fit into the

The repeating structural units are derived from some simple and reactive molecules known as monomers and are linked to each other by covalent bonds.

EXPLANATION: The chemical compounds of living things are known as organic compounds because of their association with organisms. Organic compounds, which are the compounds associated with life processes, are the subject matter of organic chemistry. Among the numerous types of organic compounds, four major categories are found in all living things: carbohydrates, lipids, protein, and nucleic acids.