The Causative Agent Of The Pulmonary Infection Tuberculosis ( Tb )

TB is still proven to be a top killer around the world, and with more cases of drug resistant TB being reported daily, the cost of treating and preventing this disease will continue to be on the rise.

Tuberculosis is caused by the bacteria “Mycobacterium Tuberculosis” and is mainly causes infection of the lungs (WHO, 2016). Its mode of transmission is airborne, so it can be passed on by inhalation of airborne droplets which carrying the bacteria, when an infected patient coughs, sneezes, or spits the TB germs into the air (WHO, 1026). Among the symptoms of active TB are: cough with sputum and blood, chest pains, weakness, fever and night sweats (WHO, 2016). Most at risk to get the TB infection are people with weakened immune system such as people who are suffering from chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, severe kidney disease, silicosis and especially HIV infection (CDC, 2016). Children and Tobacco users are also at greater risk to fall ill with TB.

According to the World Health Organization, tuberculosis (TB) is the number two killer worldwide due to a single infectious agent (WHO, 2017). In 2015, 10.4 million new cases have been identified and 1.8 million people have died from this disease (WHO, 2017). TB is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium TB, and the majority of TB deaths occur in low and middle-income countries. This disease is curable and preventable, but the lack of access to proper healthcare and medication administration makes it a concern for the most of the world’s population. TB is an airborne disease that can transmit when an infected person coughs, sneezes, spits, laughs, or talks. The majority of TB cases can be cured when the right medications are available and

(TB) is a disease that affects the lungs and other parts of the body. It can be fatal in late cases. TB is caused by a bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Tuberculosis is the second-highest cause of death worldwide, and over one and a half million people

Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease that affects the lungs and other parts of the body. It can be fatal in late cases. TB is caused by a bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Tuberculosis ranks as the second leading cause of death from a single infectious agent as per the 2014 WHO report and continues as a global health problem. Global Emergency was declared by WHO against tuberculosis in March 1993. As per the WHO 2015 report 9.6 million were affected with TB globally and 1.5 million people died in 2014. India reported 23% of total cases globally with highest prevalence rate of 195 per 105 populations. In the total 9.6 million new cases of TB 1.2 million cases were HIV positive. India is one among the top ten countries reported with MDR and XDR-TB. The etiological agent Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an Acid-fast bacillus which is spread by air borne droplets and aerosols and infects most commonly the lungs

Tuberculosis kills 1.7 million humans every single year. Usually in our modern world, we are able to find a solution to most problems, but HIV co-infection and multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDRTB) seems to be quite the problem to solve. “Peru... is one of the 30 highest tuberculosis-burden countries, with a tuberculosis incidence of 188/100,000 in the year 2003” (Kawai,2008). MDRTB rates are greater than 3% of all new cases and greater than the 9% of infectious sputum microscopy-positive patients, this makes Peru one of the top 10 countries with MDRTB. Like most resource-poor locations, tuberculosis drug-susceptibility

Tuberculosis, a sometimes crippling and deadly disease, is on the rise and is revisiting both the developed and developing world. The global epidemic is growing and becoming more dangerous. The breakdown in health services, the spread of HIV/AIDS and the emergence of multi drug-resistant TB are contributing to the worsening impact of this disease. Overall, one-third of the world 's population is currently

Tuberculosis is an airborne disease caused by a bacteria that goes by the name of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. This bacteria is a rod-like shaped and can be very hard to treat, especially if it become multidrug-resistant. Many people have it and don’t even realize it because they have a certain type of TB called latent TB infection. This is when you have the tuberculosis bacteria in your body but it hasn’t started multiplying. There are different tests for it and different medications people can take to treat it. Young adults, HIV positive patients, smokers and any other patients that have illnesses that weaken their immune systems are the people most likely to get tuberculosis. It is said that HIV patients are 26 to 31 times more likely to become ill with TB.

Tuberculosis, a disease responsible for millions of deaths and has been affecting people since Aristotle’s and Hippocrates’s eras to the present day (Frith, 2014a). Tuberculosis has surged in great epidemics and then receded, Mycobacterium tuberculosis may have killed more persons than any other microbial pathogen (Frith, 2014a). Tuberculosis is an infection by the “bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis which invades the lungs” (Saladin, 2015) and other parts of the body. Tuberculosis is a contagious disease and when left untreated it is fatal (Kalo et al., 2015). “Although [tuberculosis] is a preventable and treatable disease…it still poses a significant threat globally” due to drug resistant strains of the disease (Kalo et al., 2015). Millions of people have contracted Tuberculosis, many now suffering from the drug resistant Tuberculosis, and millions have died from this disease (Kalo et al, 2015).

A nightmare of no modern medication for tuberculosis had dawned on varieties of people since the deadly disease can spread quickly around thousands of people. The deaths to this infectious bacteria have caused people to question the real known facts of tuberculosis. The bacteria called mycobacterium has scared thousands of people to the point where they can’t even think what happens to people with this disease beyond their country borders. Tuberculosis is a pervasive disease caused by just one cough or sneeze, sending you straight to the hospital and fighting for you’re life to be treated.

Tuberculosis is a disease derived from a bacterium called Mycobacterium. Microorganism such as mycobacteria are participates in nature’s recycling program. The wall of the membrane of the bacterium contains abnormally high levels of lipids but since M.tuberculosis lacks an outer membrane so it’s classified as both gram positives and gram negative. There are two types of tuberculosis infections pulmonary and extra-pulmonary. Pulmonary tuberculosis affects the lungs. Extra-pulmonary affects different parts of the body except the lungs. Since tuberculosis is an airborne so many can get it from shaking hands or touching public objects.

Tuberculosis (TB) is considered to be a leading cause of infectious lung disease, and considered the foremost cause of death due to a single microorganism, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). According to the latest World Health Organization (WHO) tuberculosis report, there were around 9.6 million new TB cases emerging and 1.5 million deaths caused by TB in 2014. (1) Among those, almost 95% of the cases and deaths were in developing countries due to poor socioeconomic conditions and limited access to diagnosis and treatment, with India, Indonesia and Nigeria having the largest number of incidence. Furthermore, the number of cases with latent TB, who are asymptomatically infected by MTB, was estimated to include one third of the world population, which corresponds to more than two billions of people. (2) The disease is further complicated by the development of drug resistance, and co-infection with Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which set a huge obstacle for developing a successful TB treatment regimen.

Background Pulmonary tuberculosis is a common infection worldwide. In eastern parts of Iran, fluctuations are seen in tuberculosis prevalence due to emigration of people from Afghanistan. In smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis, bacteriologic study is a superior method in following the response to treatment. The aim of this study is to evaluate the time of sputum smear conversion after treatment commence and to study possible affecting factors in those whose smear does not become negative.