Tuberculosis : An Airborne Disease Caused By A Bacteria That Goes

Tuberculosis is caused by the bacteria “Mycobacterium Tuberculosis” and is mainly causes infection of the lungs (WHO, 2016). Its mode of transmission is airborne, so it can be passed on by inhalation of airborne droplets which carrying the bacteria, when an infected patient coughs, sneezes, or spits the TB germs into the air (WHO, 1026). Among the symptoms of active TB are: cough with sputum and blood, chest pains, weakness, fever and night sweats (WHO, 2016). Most at risk to get the TB infection are people with weakened immune system such as people who are suffering from chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, severe kidney disease, silicosis and especially HIV infection (CDC, 2016). Children and Tobacco users are also at greater risk to fall ill with TB.

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Tuberculosis is a disease of an infectious nature caused by a bacterium known as mycobacterium tuberculosis. The disease spreads through the air. People with the disease can spread it to susceptible people through coughing, sneezing, talking or spitting. It mainly affects the lungs and other parts such as the lymph nodes and kidneys can also be affected. The symptoms for TB are fatigue, coughing, night sweats, weight loss and fever. One third of the population of the world is affected with mycobacterium tuberculosis. The rate of infection is estimated to be one person per second. About 14 million people in the world are infected with active tuberculosis. Drug resistant TB has been recorded to be a serious public health hazard in many countries. Resistant strains have developed making it difficult to treat the disease. TB has caused millions of death mainly in people living with HIV/AIDS ADDIN EN.CITE Ginsberg19981447(Ginsberg, 1998)1447144717Ginsberg, Ann M.The Tuberculosis Epidemic: Scientific Challenges and OpportunitiesPublic Health Reports (1974-)Public Health Reports (1974-)128-13611321998Association of Schools of Public Health00333549http://www.jstor.org/stable/4598234( HYPERLINK l "_ENREF_3" o "Ginsberg, 1998 #1447" Ginsberg, 1998). The World Health Organization came up with the DOTS (Directly Observed, Therapy, Short course) strategy. The approach involves diagnosing cases and treating patients with drugs for about 6-8

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TB is caused by a bacterial infection known as mycobacterium tuberculosis. If a patient is sick with TB is considered a disease. The infection is prevalent in the HIV population because approximately 13 million Americans are effected by the TB bacteria. It typically involves the lungs but can also affect the brain and other organ systems. The TB germ is airborne and can live in the air for several hours. Once an affected person coughs or sneezes another person breathes in the germ and becomes infected. A patient with TB and HIV/AIDS will have to take an antibiotics long term to battle the infection. They will have to go through two phases of medication. The initial phase consists of utilizing drugs such as isoniazid, pyrazinamide, rifamycin, and ethambutol for the first couple of months. Then the patient will enter into the continuation phase, during this phase the patient will take the isoniazid and rifamycin for approximately four months. HIV patient’s that are taking antiretroviral for the HIV will have to take the antibiotics longer. A person taking treatment for TB has to be careful because the antibiotic can cause liver damage. According to the CDC, roughly 6% of all TB cases are from patients with HIV or AIDS. In 1992 the United States had a dramatic increase in TB cases but has decreased ever since. Recently a group of researchers at John Hopkins

Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic bacterial infection that affects millions of people globally. It is a contagious disease that is spread through the air, and it usually affects the lungs. It is transmitted from person to person through droplets from the respiratory tract of those who are already infected with the disease. Some who are infected with the bacteria that causes TB often exhibit no symptoms, because their immune systems stop the bacteria from growing and multiplying. Those with compromised immune systems are more susceptible to developing the full blown disease which can cause symptoms that include coughing, spitting blood, chest pains, weakness, weight loss, and fever. Tuberculosis can be treated with a six to nine month course of a combination of antibiotics. If left untreated, TB will spread and can be fatal.

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Tuberculosis (TB) is a severe airborne pathogen that is highly contagious and listed as one of the top 10 causes of death around the world. The bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes TB, and it most often affects the lungs. Other bacterial members of TB include Mycobacterium africanum and Mycobacterium boris. The Mycobacterium africanum is most common in West African countries and causes of a quarter of TB cases in Gambia. Both Mycobacterium tuberculosis and africanum have similar symptoms. ___________

During the interview with healthcare provider Mrs. Tonya Simpson, she when in great detail explaining that Tuberculosis is a bacterial disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This is a disease that affects the lungs and can be transmitted from person to person by coughing, face-to- face conversing, sneezing, and even breathing the same air of an infected person can spread the disease. A profuse amount of people have TB, but the bacteria is not active, which prevents them from being contagious (T. Simpson, personal communication, March 25, 2015). It is only when the disease is presented to be active that it can be transmitted. Seniors and children have a greater risk to be infected with Tuberculosis due to their weak immune systems.

However the short comings include early and effective case finding, patient compliance to 6 months of treatment, adverse drug reactions and the emanation of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Accurate diagnosis of drug resistant tuberculosis is still a major bottle neck in most parts of the world. The unprecedented proportion of drug resistant cases reiterates the need for expansion of DOTS not only to reduce the burden of tuberculosis but also to prevent the very real possibility of an untreatable airborne epidemic.

Tuberculosis disease is diagnosed through a medical evaluation involving various tests depending on the type of TB suspected. First, there are two kinds of tests that are used to detect whether or not the body has been infected with TB bacteria: the TB skin test (TST) and TB blood tests (CDC, 2016b). Both of these tests are used only to determine if the person has been infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Further testing is required to determine if the person has latent TB infection or if it has progressed to TB disease. If it is the latter additional tests are needed to

In the United States, local and state health departments are usually in charge of TB prevention and control as they are in charge of protecting the community health. However, health care department needs to collaborate with hospitals, policy makers, HIV clinics, and correctional facilities in order to report and treat new cases and treat them promptly (Rubin, 2014). Moreover, the health department needs to work in collaboration with these agencies in order to enforce treatment for those with active tuberculosis. The first step to an effective TB prevention program is identifying and treating people with active TB. This means tracking people with active TB and ensuring that they complete treatment. The second step is to screen people who may have come in contact with a person with active TB. The third step is to screen high risk population. To achieve all these goals, local and state health departments should collaborate with health care providers from several communities and organizations (Nardell & Churchyard, 2011).

Tuberculosis can infect anywhere in the body, but it infects the lungs most commonly, which is known as the pulmonary tuberculosis [4]. Tuberculosis can be latent when infected, and developed into active TB disease. People with latent TB (about 33.3% of the world population) will not have any symptoms and will not transmit the disease to other people. However, they are at a 10% risk that it will develop into active TB over their lifetime. The symptoms include cough, fever, fatigue, chills, night sweat, weight loss, etc. TB is transmitted through air by coughing, spitting, speaking, and sneezing, etc. [3][4]. A person can be infected by inhaling just a few of the bacterium [3].

Tuberculosis, also known as TB, is a chronic infection that can be fatal to the infected individual which can result in death. TB is a bacterial infection in the lungs that can persist to other organs through the bloodstream. It is one of the leading causes of death from an infection worldwide. The mortality rate is much higher in developing countries with high incidence rate of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Tuberculosis is a very infectious disease due to it being airborne. If it is left untreated the disease can progress to other areas of the body. Areas such as kidneys, spine, and the brain can be infected. With proper treatment, TB is curable.

Over the past century, tuberculosis has taken the lives of more than one hundred million people. Today, roughly two billion people are infected with the bacteria that causes Tuberculosis and five to ten percent develop active tuberculosis within their lifetime. All in all, Tuberculosis resides to be one of the most fatal diseases in the world and is the top ranked killer amongst bacterial diseases. Almost two million people pass away from the infection each year (Furlow, 2010). Approximately thirteen percent of people that are infected with tuberculosis also have HIV, they are closely associated with one another (Tomford, 2010).