The Critical Medical Issue of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Bckground While modern lifestyles and medical care have certainly improved the longevity of humans in the developed world, and contributed to a greater quality of life scenario, those same lifestyles have engendered a number of issues that contribute to disease. Lack of proper diet, fast food, high fat and carbohydrate diets without adequate fruits and vegetables, lack of exercise, smoking and alcohol contribute to an epidemic of obesity which, in turn, contributes to a serious metabolic disorder called Diabetes Mellitus Type 2. While not managed by insulin injections, it is nevertheless quite serious and has a number of progressing symptoms that, if not treated properly, can result in cardiovascular, renal and neurological problems, as well as amputation, ocular issues, and even cognitive dysfunction.

This essay will focus on type 2 diabetes, which is becoming one of the fast growing chronic health conditions in the United Kingdom (UK). Approximately 700 people are diagnosed with type 2 diabetes each day in the UK (Diabetes Uk, (2014)a). It is costing the NHS about £10billion pounds each year to treat diabetes along with its complication and it is expected to rise in the next couple of years (Diabetes UK, (2014)b).

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Cynthia is a 65 year old African American female diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, hypertension, kidney disease, hyperlipidemia and hypothyroidism. She is on glipizide 5 mg po daily to treat her type 2 diabetes. Cynthia revisited the clinic soon after the initiation of the treatment with symptoms of shakiness, sweating, chills, clamminess, lightheadedness and moderately severe headache. In this case study, Cynthia is exhibiting the symptoms of hypoglycemia as she is on sulfonylurea therapy. Sulfonylureas, such as glipizide commonly used as a second-line of therapy in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), promote insulin release independent of prevailing glucose value and as a result,

Insulin resistance is the first physiological change occurring in type two diabetes. In these type two diabetic patients, insulin is unable to move glucose into liver, kidney and muscle cells although insulin is able to attach properly to the cell surface receptors. In order to rectify this, most patients with type two diabetes start secreting normal to very high levels of insulin, which can initially overcome this resistance. After a while, the pancreas cannot keep up with this high insulin production and the cells become resistant to glucose intake. Persistent hyperglycemia or high blood glucose levels are not desirable since this causes damage to the beta cells of the pancreas that produces the insulin hormone. This damage to beta cells further hampers insulin synthesis and patients at this stage are categorized as full-blown diabetic. Such patients consistently show a hyperglycemia state even after hours of fasting ( Hinkle & Cheever,

Type 2 diabetes has been a rising issue in today’s society. It has been found in many people in America at younger ages. Now that insurance companies are requiring screening to be done every year to receive reduced the monthly payments. Type 2 diabetes has affected my family just recently. My husband was diagnosed last February. He has struggled with maintaining his blood sugars over that last year. It is a hard diagnosis to make accommodations to. It is a big life style change for not only the diabetic, but also their family. Diet, exercise and family history play big roles in the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes.

More than three million cases in the United States. Type 2 Diabetes also called: adult

When food is ingested in a person body it is broken down into smaller components including a sugar called glucose. Glucose travels to the cells in our body through the bloodstream and this is made possible due to insulin. As stated earlier insulin is produced by the beta cells and is stored in the pancreas. When the glucose levels go up in a person’s body the pancreas release the stored insulin in order for the glucose to get into the cells. To summarize insulin is what allows for glucose to produce energy. The cells in our body

The insulin signaling cascade is initiated when insulin binds to insulin receptors located on the cell 's surface. The insulin receptor has four subunits: two alpha subunits located on the outside of the cell and two transmembrane beta subunits (3 & 4). When insulin binds to the alpha subunit receptors, it transmits a signal across the plasma membrane and activates tyrosine residues that are attached to the beta subunits. The activation of the tyrosine residues causes it to autophosphorolate and then phosphorolate other proteins that also have tyrosine residues attached to them. These phosphorylated proteins then move on to trigger cellular responses such as translocation of GLUT4 vesicule to the cell membrane. The vesicule becomes a transporter to allow glucose to come into the cell so that it can continue on and be stored as glycogen (3).

The type 1 Diabetes that Ava lives with differentiates from type 2 Diabetes in that it is characterized by the complete autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic Beta (B) cells that produce and secrete Insulin in the Islet’s of Langerhans (Craft & Gordon, 2015, pg253). By contrast, type 2 Diabetes is a combination of B cell destruction, B cell dysfunction, and insulin resistance (Turner & Wass, 2009, pg803). The Beta cells of a non-Diabetic person would rapidly respond to glucose, however in type 1 Diabetes antibodies are produced against the body’s own B cells and consequently all the Islets are destroyed (Montague, 1983, pg50 and Craft & Gordon, 2015, pg253). This results in the failure of negative feedback loops in maintaining the body’s

Type 2 diabetes is considered as the most common form of diabetes affecting many individuals. This is a condition that is associated with a high buildup of sugar content in the blood stream. It is accompanied by symptoms such as constant hunger, fatigue, lack of energy and frequent urination. At milder levels, the symptoms become severe and lead to the death of an individual. In the United States, it has been rated as one of the leading causes of death. Importantly, it also increases the rate of the cardiovascular disease once an individual has been reported to have such symptoms. The cardiovascular diseases lead to a greater rate of complications in patients with type two diabetes and hence loss of life. Due to this reason, researchers have focused more on the development of appropriate drugs to enhance treatment of the condition. Importantly, the fact that it is a big challenge to the medical sector critical evaluation of all possible types of treatment is vital. Therefore, the article on “semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes” offers beneficial knowledge to the healthcare sector.

There are a multitude of public health topics that are affected by policy and intervention. One disease that is extremely prevalent in society is Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), which is primarily affected by individuals between forty to sixty years of age (Olokoba, Obateru, & Olokoba, 2012).

Type 2 diabetes is a very well known disease throughout the US. There are about 27 million people in the US with the disease and 86 million others have prediabetes which means their blood glucose is not right but also not high enough to be diabetes yet. 208,000 people under the age of twenty have been diagnosed with either Type 1 or 2 Diabetes.

Diabetes directly caused 1.5 million deaths in 2012(Global reports on diabetes, WHO, 2016). Diabetes is a result of improper functioning of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism resulting in resistance to the insulin being produced by the pancreas which finally results into higher blood glucose levels. It can further lead to many complications such as retinopathy, hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis, hypertension, neuropathy and nephropathy if not managed. There is strong evidence suggesting that T2DM is a result of failure of beta-cells in the pancreas. It starts as a decrease in the response by the peripheral tissues to insulin (insulin resistance) and gradually affects the functioning of beta-cells of pancreas, finally resulting in severe destruction of the cells and hence there is little or no insulin production in the body which results in impaired glucose tolerance and elevated blood glucose levels[1]. Controlling diabetes involves changes in dietary habits, exercise and use of conventional medications. However, traditional medicines can have adverse side effect and can be expensive. Lot of investigations continue to be done to check the efficacy of natural medicinal herbs and spices to manage a whole range of diseases including diabetes

The AβCs are encased by a two-layered lipid membrane like a natural cell and imitates the natural function of the body to control blood sugar. A normal person has a pancreas with beta cells that store insulin, a hormone that keeps the blood sugar from getting high, and releases it when needed. But people with type 1 diabetes and some with type 2 diabetes have dysfunctional or deficiency in beta cells, which causes the uncontrollable rise of