Project A: The elemental exploration of the behavior of iron in physiological conditions, the acquisition of solid copper from a salt and salt solution, and the synthesis and crystallization of aluminum.
Introduction: Iron is an essential element in the human body. It can be found in the hemoglobin and transferrin of the bloodstream, and in myoglobin in muscle tissue. The main purpose of iron is to transfer oxygen within the body. To gain iron, humans must consume a diet that consist abundantly of iron such as leaf vegetables, fish, beans, etc. Absorption of iron is especially important because less than 15% of iron in daily diets are absorbed and used (Jacobs 1971). The formation of iron (II) occurs in the stomach because of its low
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Because synthesis requires multiple steps to make a desired reaction, the yield is lower than other synthesis. On the first day, if the substances have a significant amount of precipitate, then the substance will require a greater number of drops of sodium hydroxide than substances with an insignificant amount of substrate. On the second day, if the starting reactants affect the yield of the product then obtaining solid copper from a salt will result in a greater yield. If aluminum foil is the limiting reactant of the experiment, then the percent yield will increase as the amount of foil increases.
Materials/Methods:
Project A, Day 1
In Part 1, 50 milliliters of 5% sodium hydroxide solution was obtained and observed in a 100 mL beaker and 30 milliliters of pH 2 dissolved iron solution was also obtained and observed in a 50 mL beaker. To observe the behavior of dissolved iron with sodium hydroxide, 5 milliliters of pH 2 dissolved iron was transferred to a large test tube. Drops of 5% solution of sodium hydroxide were slowly added and monitored for physical changes. A glass stir rod was used to transfer a small amount of solution onto pH paper in between drops of 5% solution of sodium hydroxide until the solution had a pH of 8.
In Part II, 5 milliliters of dissolved iron was placed in a large test tube. To test the effect of different additive substances on dissolved iron, .2 grams of methionine was added to
We first obtained the molar masses of Copper, Chlorine, Hydrogen, and Oxygen from the periodic table in our books, and then weighed a crucible and placed approximately 1 gram of the hydrated substance in the crucible, and weighed it again. Then we heated the hydrated substance with a bunsen burner until it had turned from green to brown and was dehydrated. After heating we waited 5-10 minutes for the crucible to cool before weighing again. We then transferred the dehydrated substance to a 50-mL beaker and rinsed the crucible into the
From the solid mixture, the iron filling was separated by using the property of iron fillings that they were attached together. The solid mixture was then spread over the surface of a sheet of white paper, then the magnet was covered with another sheet of paper and moved closely over the solid mixture. Then iron filling was then attached to the magnet and was separated and gathered in the weighing dish. The same procedure was done three times, to separate any remaining iron fillings. When the procedure was performed three times, the collected iron fillings mass was them discovered by used the digital scale. After I removed the iron filling, the sand was removed by using the property of sand that the sand was totally insoluble in the waste. The iron free solid mixture was dissolved in the solution, and was mixed with the benzoic acid along with the salt and that allowed it to dissolve was enhanced by the heating of the solution. The solution was the sent to another beaker. The leftover sand was rinsed out with a few millimeters of hot water about three times to remove any leftover salt and benzoic acid. The sand itself was dry and the mass of the sand was measured by using the dish. The benzoic acid and salt solution was
It is vital that the body contains a stable amount of iron. This level of iron is regulated through iron homeostasis. On average, people take in 10 to 20 mg of iron a day but only absorb 10%. Usually around 1mg of iron is also lost each day meaning the gain of iron equals the loss. This maintains iron in the body at a stable level. Iron and many other minerals are absorbed through enterocytes, absorbing cells that make up the small intestine. These cells are the regulators for how much iron is moved into the blood stream meaning they only move it if the body sees a need for it. When iron is taken in through food it travels through the digestive system down to the small intestine in the form of Fe3+ (from plant matter) or Fe2+ (from meat). If it is the form 3+ then it is turned into the
As iron can cause toxicity in the body many mechanisms have developed to regulate the free iron in our systems. All cells within our bodies
However, iron concentrations in the brain, heart, liver, testis, and tibia in group B tended to shower higher values than those of group A, even though they didn’t reach the same levels as group D. It was suggested that if the nutrition management was continued for a longer period of time and the trace element solution was used, that there is a possibility that the blood fluid properties and iron deficiency state of the subjects could have been improved.
Iron is founds in a wide variety of foods, seeing as iron can not be produced by our bodies we need to be able to consume it through out our diets, one of the main food sources of iron comes from meat, poultry and seafood, the best source of these to provide a significant amount of iron is
Iron balance is mainly regulated by its absorption and storage, as there are a lack of iron excretory mechanisms (Hansen, et al., 2014). Iron is absorbed in the duodenum and is bound to transferrin, a protein which transports it throughout the bloodstream. Iron is then stored in a non-toxic form by ferritin which allows iron to be released as it is needed in a controlled fashion (Bogdan, et al., 2016). In the event that iron levels become too high, the body secretes hepcidin. Hepcidin is a peptide hormone produced by the liver which blocks absorption of the dietary iron from entering the bloodstream. (Hansen, et al., 2014). This allows the body
To begin, a filtering crucible was washed, labeled, and dried in an oven for one hour. While the experiment was performed, the filtering crucible was set-aside in a desiccator to cool and stay dry. After this was done, a mass of about 1.2 g (±0.2 g) of iron(II) ammonium sulfate hydrated salt (Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2 ∙ 6H2O) was measured and recorded. It was then placed in a 50-mL beaker with 3 mL of deionized water and 1-3 drops of 6M sulfuric acid. The beaker was then swirled until all of the salt particles dissolved. Then, about 6 mL of 1 M oxalic acid was added to the solution in the 50-mL beaker. At this point, the pH was checked to ensure that solution was acidic. If it wasn’t acidic, then an addition of 6 M sulfuric acid may have been needed. This solution was then gently boiled, with boiling chips, for about five minutes to break down the precipitate. While the solution boiled, it was essential to swirl the solution. Once the solution had cooled down, the supernatant was decanted and put in a waste beaker, and the precipitate was washed with clean, hot deionized water. This precipitate was rinsed three times. The supernatant and wash solution wastes were then thrown away in waste containers.
Lastly, iron is used to form dopamine, a neurotransmitter in the brain that is a key player in learning, mood and behavior.
tested aluminum nitrate and ferric nitrate, which had a measured pHs of 3.11 and 4.41,
Iron exists in several forms in blood plasma (Limdi and Carmpton, 2004). One of them is transferrin (Limdi and Carmpton, 2004). As mentioned before, HH is a condition where iron levels are abnormally elevated and is mainly characterized by a mutation in the coding of the HFE protein. The HFE protein, directly interacts with transferrin, transferrin receptors (TfR) and β2-microglobulin (Limdi and Carmpton, 2004). TfR is the receptor through which signaling is generated to transcribe the hormone hepcidin (Figure 2). Hepcidin, binds to ferroportin (major protein-iron exporter found in basolateral membrane of enetrocytes and membrane of macrophages) and inhibits iron efflux from enterocytes and macrophages (Figure 1) (Jansen and Swinkels, 2009). Hepcidin action is characterized by inhibition of intestinal absorption and iron release from hepatic stores and macrophages (Papanikolaou, 2005). Since there is a mutation in the HFE gene, hepcidin production is decreased, causing levels of hepcidin to be abnormally low. As a result, there is no adequate binding to ferroportin and therefore continuous transport of iron in the blood flow is generated. As soon as iron enters the bloodstream, it must be absorbed or used. Therefore, iron absorption increases dramatically (Widdowson and McCance 1937). Duodenal enterocytes increase the iron absorption by increasing the number of DMT-1 receptors
First off, iron is excreted from the body mainly via bile and the intestinal absorption system. (12) In this experiment, even in very low TE-5 dose groups, remarkable changes in the iron content of tissue was not observed, which can probably be blamed on iron excretion via bile corresponding to the dosage of TE-5 which
Iron is an essential element for the production of blood body. The iron is found
Qualitative analysis is the use of experimental processes to identify the chemical parts of a substance. The knowledge of the meaning of soluble and insoluble is key to completing this experiment correctly and accurately. Soluble means that a compound readily dissolves in water and insoluble means that compounds do not dissolve in water. A precipitate is formed when two soluble compounds combine to form an insoluble compound. All nitrate solutions are soluble; therefore, the known solution was formed by dissolving nitrate salts of all the cations in the experiment in De-Ionized water. A centrifuge was used in each step of the experiment to spin
Iron: Supports metabolism and helps with growth, development, normal cellular functioning, and synthesis of some hormones and connective tissue