The Fungal Diseases Of Pea

Yaqoob Thurston is an PH.D. candidate in the Plant Science Department at South Dakota State University. His work combines molecular biology, molecular genetics of pathological, symbiotic and associative interactions, molecular plant breeding, and microbiology as a major platform used to understand the nature and consequences of plant microbial interactions. Specially, Mr. Thurston methodological research concentrates on the interaction of fungal pathogens fusarium head blight (FHB), and the symbiotic interaction arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi (AMF) with wheat.

Cryphonectria parasitica, a filamentous, ascomycete fungus, is the causal agent of the chestnut blight5,14 which was introduced to North America from Japan circa 190412,14.The chestnut blight infects all members of the Castanea family14, and some members of the genus Quercus though C. parasitica infections are superficial14. A C. parasitica infection typically begins at a branch node or wound in the tree’s bark 14. Once a spore has entered the tree, hyphal growth begins14. When the fungi’s hyphae reach the cambium, the xylem and phloem are blocked, cutting off the transport of water and nutrients and a sunken canker is formed14. Eventually, the lack of water and nutrients kills the tree above the point of infection14. As a fungus, C.

Fungal diseases can be detrimental to the health of many organisms in the ecosystem and extremely hard to control the spread. Three once commom tree species in North America have been devastatingly impacted by the spread of Dutch Elm disease, Chestnut blight, and Butternut canker.

In the United States many different parasitic organisms are causing tree epidemics, endangering the environment and health of their communities. One of the tree epidemics that has occurred was the Chestnut blight. The American Chestnut was a malleable resource used for its widely used wood and its chestnuts which fed animals and people alike. Its importance made the discovery of a fungus called Cryphonectria parasitica, also known as Chestnut blight, so devastating (Hebard). Importing of Japanese trees brought this Chestnut blight fungus to North American chestnuts and it had infected chestnuts throughout America by the early 1900’s. The Chestnut blight had killed over 3.5 billion trees by the 1940’s (Conolly). Today, mere dozens of healthy American Chestnuts live as a threatened species, while most American Chestnuts grow from the roots of trees already killed by the Chestnut blight, passing the Chestnut blight fungus to the new growing trees preventing them from living nearly as long as American Chestnuts used to (Horton).

Fungi typically have a suite of different enzymes capable of breaking down different types of plant compounds (lignin, cellulose, etc.). On the other hand, bacteria and archaea may only produce one or some of the necessary enzymes to break down these same compounds. In order for bacteria to break down those more complex compounds they have to form a consortium where each contributes a particular enzyme, each of which contributes to breaking certain bonds within those compounds. For example, cellulose breakdown requires a suite of three different enzyme systems: endocellulases break down the internal bonds, the exocellulases remove the ends of the chains, this forms cellobiose, which can be absorbed, but is further broken down by cellobiase intercellularly to create

Nails can not only be transformed into the prettiest part of your body, but also the filthiest, which is why you need to take care of your nails and keep them safe from afflictions such as fungus. Fungus is any of a group of unicellular, multicellular, or syncytial spore-producing organisms feeding on organic matter. Fungus especially grows on your nails so you needs to take well care of them. To prevent fungus, you should wash your hands with soap regularly, wear socks that absorb sweat, avoid nail polish as much as possible, and not trim or pick around your nails. When you notice that you have fungus, you should seek medical attention as soon as possible and find out the best treatments. There are many medicines to treat fungus such as Penlac,

Fungi are fascinating, yet terrifying organisms. The text does a good job of describing how they operate (through spores) and long does it affect the plant in the short-term (rust that causes the

Endosymbiotic systems have been identified and proved in plants. Most plants are hosts for endosymbiotic bacteria mostly for nutritional benefits. To acquire nutrients containing nitrogen, most plants have been proven to have the nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Plants require critical nutrients for development and growth. However, to obtain such nutrients from the soil, the plants degrade the endosymbiotic bacteria. For instance, most plants rely on nitrogen-fixing bacteria to acquire nitrogen nutrients since their genomes lack nitrogenase enzyme system hence the plant cannot access the nitrogen directly. It is evident on how certain grasses have the capability of extracting nutrients from the endosymbiotic bacteria. For instance, through oxidation, the plants extract nutrients from nitrogen-fixing proteobacteria. Other plants phagocytize the bacteria to acquire the nutrients (White et al., 2012).

Mushrooms are much more than an appealing food source; mushrooms have the ability to dispose of hazardous waste, redesign subway systems better than engineers, and are helpful remedies to treat diseases such as smallpox (video). This organism is the solution to so many everyday problems, and has the potential to sustain life. The mushroom species might be the most useful organic item to help protect and sustain life aside from

Ascospores can be produced with the help of 0.1 inch of rainfall and temperature of about 500 F. Ascospores are dispersed with the help of wind and primary infection takes place on the host. Secondary infection occurs through conidia, which are produced on infected plant parts (lesion) and dusty powdery growth appears on the surface with whitish mycelial growth. Conidia cause the secondary infection throughout the growing season. Infection can takes place in the temperatures from 590 F to 900 F, but the temperature from 680 to 770 F are optimum temperature for infection. Fungus can overwinter as mycelia inside the dormant bud, which produced disease shoot after breading bud. High relative humidity is conducive for conidia production, but rainfall is not good for infection that reduces the infection by this pathogen (Carrol et al.

The fungus Beauveria Bassiana will be the most effective in killing garden pests because of its ability to create spores that will spread quickly from

F. verticillioides was first discovered in 1904 in Nebraska (USA). In 1935 Wollenweber and Reinking established the section Liseola based on the morphology of F. monoliforme Sheldon, F. lactis Pirotta and Riboni and F. neoceras Wollenw. and Reinking (Kvas et al., 2009). In 1945, Snyder and Hansen combined the three species under the name F. moniliforme as they felt that the characters Wollenweber and Reinking used were too unstable to separate the species (Snyder and Hansen, 1945; Kvas et al., 2009). Booth (1971) decided to separate F. subglutinans from F. moniliforme based on the morphology of their conidiogenous cells (Booth, 1971; Kvas et al., 2009). Nelson et al. (1983) divided Liseola further into F. anthophilum, F. proliferatum with the two that was already separated, F. moniliforme and F. subglutinans (Nelson et al., 1983; Kvas et al., 2009). After this split molecular, morphological and biological traits were used on a variety of Fusarium species and thus the Gibberella fujikuroi complex was established (Figure 2) (Kvas et al., 2009). F. verticillioides was one of the species that got separated from F. moniliforme during this time because it is heterothallic (Guo et al., 2015). Before 2013, F.

Aspergillus flavus is a saprotrophic and pathogenic[1] fungus with a cosmopolitan distribution.[2] It is best known for its colonisation of cereal grains, legumes, and tree nuts. Postharvest rot typically develops during harvest, storage, and/or transit. A. flavus infections can occur while hosts are still in the field (preharvest), but often show no symptoms (dormancy) until postharvest storage and/or transport. In addition to causing preharvest and postharvest infections, many strains produce significant quantities of toxic compounds known as mycotoxins, which, when consumed, are toxic to mammals.[3] A. flavus is also an opportunistic human and animal pathogen, causing aspergillosis in immunocompromised

Plant and microbial interactions are present right from the establishment of land plants. The plants have co-evolved with the microbes since then (Gehrig et al., 1996). A microbial interaction with the plant can have both positive and negative effects on the plant. Due to this, it has gained high agronomic importance in today’s plant science research (Stacey et al., 1996).

As an attempt of finding novel antifungal therapeutic agents for Bd, we tested the viability of the zoospores, sporangia and biofilm-associated cells in the presence of different concentrations of methyl chavicol, curcumin, allicin and 6-gingerol. Plant extracts have been used to treat different microbial diseases of humans, animals and plants for decades. Methyl chavicol is not soluble in water; instead it is highly soluble in ethanol and DMSO. Ethanol and DMSO both kill Bd. Therefore, testing its ability to kill Bd was determined in mixed cultures by directly adding different volumes of oil into 10 ml H-broth cultures. The minimal inhibitory concentration of methyl chavicol was 1 µl/ml which completely killed a mixer of both zoospores and sporangia. Our results match with the previously reported MIC of 1 µl/ml for methyl chavicol which completely inhibited the mycelial growth of Moniliophthora perniciosa (Costa et al. 2015). Antibacterial activities of Ocimum sp. essential oils, which consist methyl chavicol as the major component, have been proved to be effective against different bacteria and fungi (Moghaddam et al. 2014, Pandey et al. 2014). Even though methyl chavicol seems very promising in mitigating Bd in vitro, in vivo studies are highly recommended as there is evidence that methyl chavicol