Since the terrorist attacks in the United States on September 11, 2001, the world has put a spotlight on terrorism. The media has taken terrorism as one of their main talking points in just about every day coverage. In a society where terrorism is a daily concern it is imperative that one understands how the media portrays terrorism specifically when cross examining the relationship between media and politics. With so many news outlets in the world and with so many differences of opinion, the coverage of terrorism is different in many ways. Depending on the definition of terrorism, the repercussions of the terrorist attacks, the ideology of the people the news outlet is trying to connect with, the motives behind the news outlets, and the state from which the news comes from all determine the kind of news one might receive. Therefore, framing of news is vital to individuals when cognitively comprehending events, and as such, are an important determinant of how a news story is conveyed. “Applying frames to a crisis event, such as terrorism, may serve as a strategy with which to identify main causes and responsible agents, make moral judgements, and, finally, to suggest policy responses to the event.” The frames applied to terrorism determine the repercussions of a terrorist attack, the courses of action that will be taken, it may influence elections, policies, and overall attitude and emotion of a society, it is fair to argue that media plays a very powerful and influential
Three examples stand out: (1) outlets highlighted the insensitivity of the project; (2) news channels gave hate group leaders such as Pamela Geller with the Stop the Islamization of America (SIOA) movement precious broadcast time; and (3) media commentators overwhelming opined on the issue, with one going so far to say “There are many questions about the Ground Zero mosque. But just one answer. Move it away.” This entire time, the media possessed the power to control the news’ cycle and advance those views in line with their agenda. As viewers became more aware and fearful of the events, the media were driven towards both advertisement profits and viewership numbers resulting in controversial and prejudice news
Most studies focused on the impact of the news but Americans today receive a lot of their information from entertainment sites and social media. The media can affect the public’s understanding of events in numerous ways it frames how people think about a particular issue or event..As Kinder and Sanders (1996) explain, “frames lead a double life . . . frames are interpretive structures embedded in political discourse. . . . At the same time, frames also live inside the mind; they are cognitive structures that help individual citizens make sense of the issues” (p. 164). When frames in political discourse
Attacks receive more coverage when they harm or kill victims, involve hijackings or aircraft, have known perpetrators, and select targets associated with Western countries. A study of transnational terrorism shows that attacks that inflict injuries are twice as likely to attract media attention as those that do not. The attacks in which the perpetrator can be identified are four times as likely to be reported in a newspaper and ten times as likely to be reported on television (The Media’s Role in International Terrorsim). Attacks in the Middle East or Europe are twice as likely to receive media attention as attacks perpetrated in Latin America (The Media’s Role in International Terrorism). There are very similar factors that influence media coverage of attacks that take place within the United States.
News are more than just facts and information, it is knowledge that affects a human’s life by helping them stay up-to-date. News have the influence to communicate and aid an individual's outcome on how to make decisions. With that being, in today’s society there are thousands of media outlets around the world. Despite that media plays a major role in one’s life, often times publishers revise the truth and intertwine the event which ultimately has a major impact on the perspective and opinions that people possess as they get manipulated by these news outlets.By examining the event of the September 11 attacks (9/11) from the perspective of “The Guardian” and “The Los Angeles Times”, one can determine the similarities, differences, and the “truth”
Firstly, the “war on terror” had reduced the humanitarian concerns down, and the foreign policy. Furthermore, media coverage had become more deferential and constrained: therefore, reducing the chances of media influencing policy. The “war on terror” most importantly provided journalists with a guide in which they could understand global events and policy makers with the ability to justify a more aggressive foreign policy plan. At last, the “war on terror” had constructed an ideological bond between journalist and policy makers which created stronger media management. Techniques developed to display coverage of certain issues over others to frame stories that support official
“The media’s the most powerful entity on earth. They have the power to make the innocent guilty and to make the guilty innocent, and that’s power. Because they control the minds of the masses,” were the words of Malcolm X during his famed 1963 speech. Many believe this quote has lost relevance in our contemporary society. However, on the contrary, it rings more true than ever. One popular topic that has had an extreme influence on our society due to the way the media portrays it is terrorism. Whether it is a tragic event such as 9/11 or simply the way it portrays Muslims, the media tends to sensationalize the fear and tragedy of such events to increase publicity while also depicting all terrorists as Muslim
Similarly, “Culture of Fear: Why Americans are Afraid of the Wrong Things” further examines the effects of media framing, and the way in which it affects public perception. For instance, Glassner discusses the events of child killers by introducing a terrorist attack that occurred in Oklahoma City. Initially, the terrorist attacks were thought to be planned by Islamic radicals because of the events of 9/11. However, the
The media plays the strongest role in the public’s perception of terrorism. A person the news as informative. It informs the public on any social, political, or economic issues. Many believe the output of information that comes from the news is accurate. It feels the primary source and a means of communication to alert the public of any devastating news. “Studies have shown that the media emphasize on certain crimes that leads the public to believe that such crimes are most likely to be committed” (Maras, 2013, p.97). When a tragedy occurs, the news focuses its attention of that specific factor. For example, the terrorist group called ISIS is still surfing through many different media outlets and newspapers.
Terrorism and acts of terrorism have been an issue that has a concerned not only the United States but also the world at large. Terrorism became a serious threat since the late 1980's, but its magnitude was felt after the 9/11. However, the formation of the Al Qaeda group and other terrorist group towards the end of the twenty first century turned everything and made terrorism a real menace to a world that values peace and stability. Proliferation of weapons was experienced and is still going on now. This has seen the media coming to the fore to provide the necessary information about terrorism and actins related to it. However, the challenge has been the desire to provide information whilst shunning the possibility of falling into the trap of making terrorists' missions and intentions real.
fear into the society. Among one of the most effective avenues that terrorist organizations use
Media has been able to control and influence opinions of the public through news stories within the last 80 years through the development of framing. Framing is when a story or piece of news is portrayed in a certain way that is meant to control the audience’s opinion and attitude, to agree one way or the other that the media wants them to. The technique of framing can be seen as a controlling technique of journalism writing to sway or trick the audience to base their own opinion on what is being presented. The purpose of framing is a method so that public opinion cannot chose to go against what the story is intending the audience to agree with. Journalists argue the point that framing is an important tool that helps reduce certain stories to be complex for the audience to follow and understand, whilst the story is only given a certain amount of time, given the amount of words presented or the amount of airtime to explain the story (Gans, 1979). This media effect can influence public opinion in a psychological way, in which a decision can be made within the news story, given the various options of opinions to evaluate their own judgment(Plous, 1993). In a Sociological approach, individuals cannot understand the world fully without the accessibility to media and news of the world, without it they struggle to make sense to opinionate on the world around them (Goffman, 1974). Through the invention of framing media has been able to control and influence public opinion on various
In the aftermath of the Manchester bombing that claimed the lives of 23 people, injured over 100, and left the international community reeling, the world is faced with yet another challenge: to piece together a comprehensive plan that provides sufficient countermeasures to successful terrorist recruitment and reduces chances of exploitation of states’ cyber vulnerabilities. In the article entitled “Containing ISIS’ Online Campaigns After Manchester” and published by Foreign Affairs, Smith takes a critical stance on Western social media attempts at shutting down pro-ISIS propaganda accounts. He documents a rise in attacks outside the Middle East as a trend from hijrah to
Cyberterrorism has been hard to specifically define. With the sensationalism of popular media, the action and drama of Hollywood films, and new ways of attacking and bothering people via the internet popping up regularly (Weimann, 2004). Dorothy Dunning coined a widely utilized definition: “Cyberterrorism is the convergence of cyberspace and terrorism. It refers to unlawful attacks and threats of attack against computers, networks, and the information stored therein when done to intimidate or coerce a government or its people in furtherance of political or social objectives. Further, to qualify as cyberterrorism, an attack should result in violence against persons or property, or at least cause enough harm to generate fear. Attacks that lead to death or bodily injury, explosions, or severe economic loss would be examples. Serious attacks against critical infrastructures could be acts of cyberterrorism, depending on their impact. Attacks that disrupt nonessential services or that are mainly a costly nuisance would not.” (Denning, 2000) According to Denning and others Cyberterrorism consists of the attack and harm of people to further an agenda. So, if a hacker or group attacks a company’s website and post obscene messages and causes annoyance to the company it is not cyberterrorism; but if a group attacks a 911 system downing it for several hours and people who are unable to reach 911 die that would be terrorism (Denning, 2000).
We are all aware of the power that media holds to influence people as well as keep people connected to the world outside their rage. This has become the easiest and convenient way to keep public informed and up to date with what is happening in their country as well as outside their country. Although, many powerful people who use media for their public welfare also dominate media. As well as, businesses have adopted techniques for manipulating the public through the propaganda of control over the media. Therefore, with all the sources media has to inform and persuade people, it has become more about making a profit. It has become more and more privatized in many countries, giving more control to the government to get their message across the mass public. “Since September 11, the increase in international tensions and the subsequent wars in Afghanistan and Iraq have created turmoil and fears in immigrant communities, fanned by the media in the context of the war against terrorism”(Rousseau & Jamil, 2008). In this paper I will be talking about the negative effects media has on Americans after the September 11, As well as look at the fear it created among Americans and hate rate towards Islam and Muslims. Also, this led to hate crimes against other non-Muslim minority groups. Furthermore, this discourse has led many young children’s to become Islamophobic and racial towards Muslims.
There has been a lot of thought put into finding a more effective way to build intelligence efforts to make a stronger product for decisions of national security. The use of the media and worldwide reporters can be used in the effort to build more information on the intelligence products, but the usage will be limited. It is not very likely that the government of Pakistan will sponsor a column disclosing a list of nuclear assets every week, or that the Irish Republican Army will endorse a schedule of events for next weeks offensive maneuvers; but it is likely that many countries in the free world will encourage the disclosure of movements and known associations of terrorists. The same type