The Importance Of The Population-Based Blue Mountains Eye Research Paper

Diabetes is a disease where the body is unable to produce or use insulin effectively. Insulin is needed for proper storage and use of carbohydrates. Without it, blood sugar levels can become too high or too low, resulting in a diabetic emergency. It affects about 7.8% of the population. The incidence of diabetes is known to increase with age. It’s the leading cause of end-stage renal disease in the US, and is the primary cause of blindness and foot and leg amputation. It is known to cause neuropathy in up to 70% of diabetic patients. Individuals with diabetes are twice as likely to develop cardiovascular disease. There are two types of diabetes: Type 1 and Type 2.

According to Zimmet (2001), about 150 million people in the world have been suffering with diabetes and it would be 300 million by 2025. Another interesting study by AusDiab in 2000 revelead that 7.4% of the population aged 25 or over had diabetes (type 2 in 90%) Since 1981, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes has increased to twice in and the total number of cases has increased threefold in Australia (Dunstain 2002).Although type 2 diabetes is effecting all races,it was identified highly in south Asians and also worlds one-third diabetic population is from indian continent ( Jean 2008). According to the report from Centre for Disease Control and Prevention in United states of America, nearly 25.8 million people have been affected by diabetes in 2010 with 90- 95% of them being type 2 DM (CDC 2011). However, type 2 diabetes mellitus which is characterized by the deficiency and resistance of the

According to the Department of Health and Human Services (2011), 18.5 % of the United States population is over the age of 60 years. Of these, 10.9 million (26.9%) are diagnosed with diabetes mellitus (ADA, 2011.) In Lewis and associates’ text book on Medical- Surgical nursing, Lewis states that the incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM) increases with age (Lewis, Dirksen, Heitkemper, Bucher, and Camera, 2011.) The purpose of this paper is to explore the disease process of diabetes mellitus in the geriatric population.

Diabetes mellitus has a worldwide prevalence of 8.3 percent of the population with the amount of new cases diagnosed per year

compared the impact of cardiovascular disease in non-diabetics and diabetics in the Framingham cohort study. The incidence of cardiovascular disease among diabetic men was twice that among non diabetic men. Among diabetic women the incidence of cardiovascular disease was three times that among non diabetic women. Judging from a comparison of standardized coefficients for the regression of incidence of cardiovascular disease on specified risk factors, there is no indication that the relationship of risk factors to the subsequent development of cardiovascular disease is different for diabetics and non-diabetics. The author finally concluded that the role of diabetes as a cardiovascular risk factor does not derive from an altered ability to contend

Diabetes has developed to be one of the most problematic health concerns in this age. It is a chronic metabolic disorder that

Diabetes Mellitus Type 2, which is also known as late onset diabetes. This type is characterised by insulin resistance and/or

Diabetes is very common in elderly age. The pathophysiology of this disease is different in the elderly; as a result the therapeutic approach towards it should be different (Meneilly, 2009). Type 2 diabetes is caused by a sequence of genetic factors related to impaired insulin secretion and insulin resistance. The main environmental factors which affects this type of diseases such as overweight or obesity, lack of exercise, stress, high-fat diet, family history, high alcohol consumption, high cholesterol and blood pressure, race or ethnic background, certain medications and as well as aging. These factors show that diabetes is a multifactorial disease which involves multiple genes and environmental factors. There are few reasons why the incidence

Diabetes is one of the most common chronic diseases and is increasingly becoming a worldwide health issue nowadays. There were about 422 million adults living with diabetes in the world in 2014. The global prevalence of diabetes has nearly doubled since 1980, rising from 4.7% to 8.5% in the adult population (1). It is estimated that between 2010 and 2030, the number of people with diabetes will increase by 69% and 20% respectively in developing countries and developed countries (2). The majority of people with diabetes are affected by type 2 diabetes (1). WHO estimates that by 2025 as many as 200–300 million people worldwide will have developed type 2 diabetes (3).

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of blindness among working aged adults between 20–74 years around the world.

The prevalence of diabetes increases with age. Approximately 21% of older adults aged 60 years in the United States have diabetes. According to CDC, from 1980 through 2011, the rate of diagnosed diabetes increased 167% for people aged 0-44 years, 118% for those aged 45-64 years, 140% (9.1% to 21.8%) for those aged 65-74 years, and 125% (8.9% to 20.0%) for those aged 75 years and older. In general, throughout the time period, the rate of diagnosed diabetes increased among people of all age groups. In 2011, the prevalence of diabetes among people aged 65-74 (21.8%) was more than 13 times that of people younger than 45 years of age (1.6%).

Diabetes mellitus has been identified as a major health problem in Saudi Arabia due to adoption of modern lifestyle that promotes poor eating habits and sedentary (Elhadd et al., 2007). Moreover, indigenous Saudi Arabia population has a genetic predisposition to type II diabetes that is complicated by consanguinity. According to Khalid et al. (2011) the prevalence of diabetes in Saudi Arabia increased from 4% in 1982 to approximately 30% in 2009. This is a significantly high compared to other countries such as England, where the prevalence is 7.9%. Badran & Laher (2012) noted that the complications that are most prevalent in Saudi diabetes patients include

Diabetes mellitus has been identified as a major health problem in Saudi Arabia associated with the adoption of modern lifestyle that promotes poor eating and sedentary exercise habits (Elhadd, Al-Amoudi, and Alzahrani 2007). The indigenous Saudi Arabian population may also have a genetic predisposition to type II diabetes that is related to consanguinity. A review by Alqurashi, Aljabri, and Bokhari (2011) found that the prevalence of diabetes among Saudi Arabian adults increased from 4% in 1982 to approximately 30% in 2009. This is significantly higher when compared to other countries such as England, where the prevalence is estimated at 7.9%. Badran and Laher (2012) found that complications that are common among Saudi diabetes patients include retinopathy (31%), neuropathy (82%), nephropathy (40%), peripheral artery disease (61%), stroke (41%) and even death (60%). Some of these complications, such as stroke, are the causes of emergency admissions. The Eastern region of Saudi Arabia is known to have a high prevalence of type II diabetes mellitus than the Southern region (Badran and Laher 2012). The aim of this study is to determine factors associated with emergency hospital admissions and their short term (three months) outcomes for emergency admitted diabetic patients in Dammam, Saudi Arabia.

Demographic variables and clinical characteristics of the studied groups are shown in Table 1. There was no significant difference in age, body mass index between the studied groups. Meanwhile, there were statistically significant increase in disease duration; TG, TC, FBG levels and HbA1C percentage in diabetic cases when compared to their allied control group with higher values were for macro-albuminuria T2DM group. LDL-C and HDL-C levels showed statistically significant difference in diabetic cases when compared to their allied control group but with no difference between micro and macro albuminuria T2DM groups. Serum urea, creatinine and UACR were statistically significantly higher in T2DM cases when compared to their allied control group and normo-albuminuria T2DM groups with higher values were for macro-albuminuria T2DM group (Table 1).

While keeping in mind the issue of advancing incidence of diabetes mellitus in Asian population, a research proposal is kept forward based on the following hypotheses.