The Models For Observational Learning

This learning occurs from observation, imitation or modeling of another person or role model. Modeling is the process of imitating. We can also learn new behavior from individuals we meet or from the media. This is also known as observational learning developed by Albert Bandura. Individuals, groups and culture have an effect on the behavior of people in the society. A feature of a person/model that may influence us to imitate is; gender, similarity to ourselves, social status, fame, competence and prestige.

This study has helped in the understanding of criminal behaviour as children learn through imitation and the environment which they grow up in have an effect on their behaviour. If a child has been brought up around abuse, criminal activity or consistent aggression then the child is most likely to offend by imitating their role model which could be a parent, sibling or even just a role model which they look up to.

Bandura (1977) uses a four-step approach when implementing learning consisting of four phases: Attentional , Retention, Reproduction, and Motivational. The attentional phase is when the learner observes the role model. The processing and memorization of the observations takes place in the retention phase. The learner performs the learned action or behavior in the reproduction phase. Lastly, the motivation phase focuses on the learner's motivation to perform the behavior depending on their perception of reward or punishment as a consequence. This is known as vicarious reinforcement (Bastable , 2008).

Social Cognitive Theory Ricky Smith Liberty University Many people learn by observing others. This kind of learning is the basis of the social cognitive theory. According to Schunk (2016), social cognitive theory expresses that people learn from their social environment by observing others and gaining knowledge, skills, attitudes, and beliefs (p.117). People also learn through modeling within the social cognitive learning theory. Learners are able to learn new behavior through observation of modeling.

When Charlie was playing with toys on the floor, his mother noticed a very aggressive behavior toward those toys, so she called the doctor to make sure that it was normal for her child to show that behavior after the video. The four basic principles of social learning are attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation (Wheeler, 2014). People learn better when they are focused on a task, if seeing something being done differently or unusual, then it tends to strike the attention of that person who is focused (Wheeler, 2014). Retention is affecting information in our memories that people recall later when needed to respond to a situation that is the same as the first learned information (Wheeler, 2014). Reproducing prior learned information practices a mental and physical preparation that improves our responses from the that learned information (Wheeler, 2014). Motivation initiates from observation of others being rewarded or punished for things they have said or done in the past (Wheeler,

"Observational learning, also called imitation or modeling, is learning that occurs when a person observes and imitates someone 's behavior (Santrock, p.165)." Albert Bandura described four main processes: attention, retention, motor reproduction, and reinforcement. "Before people can reproduce a model 's actions, they must attend to what the model is saying or doing. To reproduce an action, you must retain the information and keep it in memory so that it can be retrieved. People might attend to a model and

Albert Bandura (1977), the originator of social learning theory, focused his research on the process of how people learn through observation. Social Learning stems from a cognitive and behavioral theory model. This is demonstrated through the well-known Bobo Doll experiment. The experiment entailed a child observing an adult being aggressive towards the Bobo Doll (Pavlov et al., 1961). The results indicated that children imitated the observed behaviors of being aggressive towards the doll (Pavlov et al., 1961).

Effective social learning theories do not just explain behaviors, they build bridges. Few experts believe that social or even biologically determined actions arise in isolation: they come about as a result of a variety of factors that may be located inside or outside of the subject, but eventually they come together in combination. It is this recognition that has formed the basis (at least in retrospect) for the long-lasting impact of Bandura's social learning or now social cognitive theory of behavior. It is a theory that can be its own agent for building a better self (Bandura, Agentic, n.d.).

The research is also associated with the theory of Albert Bandura, the Social Cognitive Theory, in which postulates that the portion of an individual's knowledge acquisition can be directly related to observing others within the context of social interactions, experiences, and outside media influences. Based in this theory, behavior is the product of continuous interaction of an individual to his environment. People respond to environmental events, and certainly they often learn characteristic behaviors as the result of rewards and punishments.

Each of us learn in different ways. I for one am a hands on learner. I learn best by getting my hands on things and seeing how things work. I am not very good at learning things by simply reading a book and taking a test. Although most of my schooling is just that. Many things influence our learning as well, such as environmental. These can include reinforcements, observations, associations, and punishment. Some of the primary learning theories I will discuss will be classical conditioning, operant conditioning and observational learning.

from Waukesha, Wisconsin, were arrested for luring a classmate into the woods after a sleepover and stabbing her nineteen times. When asked why did they do it, they stated it was because of Slender man made them, a fictional supernatural character that originated as an Internet meme created by Something Awful forums user Eric Knudsen in 2009(1). They stated killing their friend was the only way to win his approval, that if they did not, he will harm them and their families. Weier and Geyser are being charged as adults and may face up to 65 years in prison. The stabbing resulted in a debate on the role of video games and the internet in society and its impact on children.

This theory is similar to other learning theories in that it encompasses personality and other aspects of social development. Unlike the social exchange theory, which focuses on reinforcement of negative and positive behavior the social learning theory, focuses on observation and initiation. Reinforcement can increase the likelihood for imitation but is not necessary for learning (Siegler, Deloache, & Eisenberg, 2014). Bandura (1989) states that the interchange of positive behaviors between relationships will exhibit trust and growth within the relationship where as the opposite will occur with negative behaviors. Social learning can occur either deliberately or inadverntatly by observing behaviors and the consequences associated with them. “But most aspects of the environment do not operate as an influence until they are activated by appropriate behavior… The aspect of the potential environment that becomes the actual environment for given individuals thus depends on how they behave” (Bandura, 1989). The social learning theory states that people are both the products and producers of their environment. Bandura also statesm “Social learning is a continuous process in which acquired standards are elaborated and modified, and new ones are adopted. Children repeatedly observe and learn the standards and

The Social Cognitive Theories suggests that learning takes place in a social setting with a dynamic and reciprocal interaction of the individual, environment, and behavior. It emphases social influence external and internal social reinforcement. Futhermore, the Social Cognitive Theories consider the manner in which people obtain and retain behavior, however also bearing in mind the social environment in which people carry out the behavior. It considers an individual’s previous experiences, which factor into whether behaviour will take place. These past

The Social Cognitive Theory is a psychological learning theory that attempts to explain the psychosocial functioning through the view of self and society and how these two factors have a bidirectional influence. Social Cognitive Theorists believe that individuals are reactive and shaped by environmental events. It is believed that this causes us to be self-reflective and proactive in our nature. The Social Cognitive Theory believes that abstract modeling and strategic observation leads to higher levels of learning. There are five main constructs of

In regards to social cognitive theory, one is looking at the fact that people learn by observing behavioral