The Murphree 's Efficiency For A Bubble Cap Tray And A Sieve Tray

Objective: The main goal of this lab is to learn how separation of binary liquid mixtures is performed. Especially when the two liquids have boiling points varying by about 30° C. Hexane can be separated from toluene in this experiment because of the difference in their boiling points. Since toluene has a higher boiling point, it will left at the bottom while the hexane starts to boil out and collect in the Hickman still. GC measurements help us in determining how accurate our data is by making a graph of the amount of hexane and toluene in each fraction. Also this lab gives experience with semi-micro

It also has a distillation column which is used for a specific separation of two chemicals or solvents. It separates two solvents at a high degree of

Distillation of the first product began at 83 °C. A Pasteur pipette was used to remove 1-ml of the distillate into a vial. A second vial was filled with distillate until it reached 1-ml. As the second vial is being filled, observe the temperature and remove the apparatus from the heat source if there is an observed drop in temperature.

Techniques and equipment used throughout the experiment include a reflux apparatus, separatory funnel for isolation, vacuum filtration, and simple distillation. The reflux condenser is used to allow thorough distillation of the product with the use of heat to accelerate and stir while vapors

1.) Briefly explain the concept of steam distillation. What is the difference between a simple distillation and a steam distillation? When a mixture of two immiscible liquids are distilled it is referred to as codistillation. This process is referred to as steam distillation when one of the liquids is water. This distillation is used to separate organic liquids from natural products and reaction mixtures in which the final product results in high boiling residues such as tars, inorganic salts, and other relatively involatile components. It is useful in isolating volatile oils from various parts of plants and not useful in the final purification of a

The boiling range of the 1-pentyl ethanoate distillate was approximately between 149-151°C. This was indicated by the formation of the distillate and when the mixture of the purified 1-pentyl ethanoate started to vigorously

At this point the flask was attached to a refluxing apparatus. This process of refluxing helps to purify the mixture and keep the reaction at a constant temperature. Also, before the reaction mixture began to boil the separation of a clear top layer and a cloudy bottom layer helped to indicate that the reaction was working properly. The top layer was the alkyl bromide since the other components of the aqueous layer have the greater density. After the 45 minute refluxing process was complete, the apparatus was set up for simple distillation apparatus distillation commenced. Distillation took place until no more drops of product were dripping from the distillation head. The first drop of distillate occurred when the thermometer read 75°C, the actual temperature was probably a bit higher since the vapors might not have fully reached the bulb of the thermometer. The final drop of distillate was collected at about 115°C. Once the distillate was collected, it was placed in a seperatory funnel and the reaction flask was rinsed with 10 mL of water and added to the seperatory funnel. Rinsing the funnel ensured that all of the distillate from the distillation process was removed from the reaction flask and no product was left on the walls of the flask. After the water was added, two layers formed in the funnel. The top layer was the water and the bottom layer was the 1-bromobutane since the density of 1-bromobutane is higher than that of water.

Distillation is a method of separating two volatile chemicals on the basis of their differing boiling points. During this lab, students were given 30 mL of an unknown solution containing two colorless chemicals. Because the chemicals may have had a relatively close boiling point, we had to employ a fractional distillation over a simple distillation. By adding a fractionating column between the boiling flask and the condenser, we were able to separate the liquids more efficiently due to the fact that more volatile liquids tend to push towards the top of the fractionating column, thereby leaving the liquid with the lower boiling point towards the bottom. After obtaining the distillates, we utilized a gas chromatograph in order to analyze the volatile substances in the gas phase and determine their composition percentage of the initial solution. Overall, through this lab we were able to enhance our knowledge on the practical utilization of chemical theories, and thus also demonstrated technical fluency involving the equipment.

Method: Distillation is based on the fact that the matter can exist in three phases - - solid, liquid and gas. As the temperature of a pure substance is increased, it passes through these phases, making a transition at a specific temperature from solid to liquid (melting point--mp) and then at a higher temperature from liquid to gas (boiling point--bp). Distillation involves evaporating a liquid into a gas phase, then condensing the gas back into a liquid and collecting the liquid in a clean receiver. Substances that have a higher boiling point than the desired material will not distill at the

This is done when the solution is place in an apparatus to be heated. When it heats up, the liquid evaporates and movies through a class tubing to a separate contained. The energy in from the heat breaks the intermolecular bonds of the H2O atoms and changes to a gaseous state, which collects in the secondary container which holds the distillate. The residue left behind in the first container would be the remaining solid which would be the salt

The purpose of the fluid flow meters experiment was to determine the operating characteristics of the Venturi and orifice meters. The purpose of the tray hydraulics experiment was to study the vapor and liquid tray hydraulics parameters for sieve, or perforated, trays in a distillation column. By performing experiments based on theory and comparing results to literature values, the objectives of this experiment can be achieved.

The evaporation collection procedure was able to achieve over 75% yield with a percent yield of 144%, while the vacuum filtration was unable to achieve the goal with only 56.9% yield. The evaporation collection was able to achieve the 144% yield by carefully transferring all of the liquid from the test tube to the casserole dish with accuracy and using distilled water in the procedure.

Refluxing is a technique which is used to speed up a chemical reaction without having to deal with evaporation. Through this technique, the system is cooled before the vapors can escape. This allows the apparatus to maintain a constant volume. Distillation is used to separate two liquids with different boiling points by bringing the entire mixture to the lowest boiling point and then collecting the condensation. The resulting condensation is then separated into the individual compounds. This separation is done to isolate the organic layer from the layer of water, as only the organic is wanted. After the separation of the two liquids, sometimes the addition of Na2SO4 is necessary to remove excess water from the organic

The improved distribution of elutriation water also minimizes dead zones within the separation chamber that were often caused by plugging of the small diameter holes in the lateral pipes at the bottom of the separation chamber. By increasing the diameter of the holes and adding the baffle plate to fully distribute the water, separation efficiency has increased due to full utilization of the separation chamber. The increase in separation efficiency and throughput capacity reduces the operating

The main objective of the distillation lab was to identify the composition of an unknown binary solution. The only known component is that the boiling point of the two components were at least 40˚C apart in boiling points. Due to the difference in boiling points, fractional distillation would be an easy way to determine the identity of each component of the binary solution. In the experiment, 30mL of the unknown binary solution was ran through the fractional distillation apparatus. As the solution boiled, gas from the unknown solution ran through the column, which had a temperature gradient to allow rapid and repeated distillations, and one of the components were isolated. By recording the temperature and amount of