The Perception Of The Retinal Image

The human brain is capable of perceiving and interpreting information or stimuli received through the sense organs (i.e., eyes, ears, nose, mouth, and skin) (Weiten, 1998). This ability to perceive and interpret stimulus allows the human being to make meaningful sense of the world and environment around them. However, even as the human being is able to perceive and interpret stimuli information through all sense organs, stimuli is most often or primarily interpreted using the visual (eyes) and auditory (ears) sense organs (Anderson, 2009). However, for the purpose of this paper, the visual information process will be examined.

The way we perceive objects depends on different things. One thing that changes the way we view things is monocular depth cues. Monocular depth cues are cues on depth perception that are accessible only to one eye at a time. There are actually a couple of different monocular depth cues. The ones that I will cover will be size constancy, aerial perspective, linear perspective, and texture gradient. Size constancy refers to the tendency to perceive an object or objects as the same size regardless of it being near or far. For example, the imagineers at Walt Disney World use this with their Christmas tree to make it appear bigger. At the bottom of the tree, they place ornaments that are huge. Since people see the huge ornaments at the bottom of

ABSTRACT: The aim of this paper is to defend a broad concept of visual perception, according to which it is a sufficient condition for visual perception that subjects receive visual information in a way which enables them to give reliably correct answers about the objects presented to them. According to this view, blindsight, non-epistemic seeing, and conscious visual experience count as proper types of visual perception. This leads to two consequences concerning the role of the phenomenal qualities of visual experiences. First, phenomenal qualities are not necessary in order to see something, because in the case of blindsight, subjects can see objects without experiences phenomenal

Reading Chapter 7, Taking Action, helped me to better understand the ways in which perceptual processes such as ones that are being physically active in the world. Through most of the 20th century, the dominant way perception research was carried out was by having stationary observer look at static stimuli in a laboratory situation. Gibson argued that this traditional way of studying perception lacked ecological validity. Ecological perception is defined as a valid experiment that matches its stimuli, conditions, and procedures to those present in the natural world. There are three separate optic flows including: gradient of flow, focus of expansion, and self-produced information. Gradient of flow is the difference in flow as a function of distance from the observer. Focus of expansion is the point in distance where

There is perfect correspondence between the retinal image and the cellular encoding in V1 (striate cortex), which is completed in terms of contrast and orientation. From there, information from the retinal image is sent forward to distinct regions of the occipital lobe for more complex encoding, called extra striate cortex, including V2 (discrimination, orientation, and color), V4 (shape), and V5 (motion) “(Stevens PH.D., livestong.com)

The visual perception field is a very old are of study in psychological research. From ancient Greece to modern day scholars, philospher and psychologists have been studying on visual perception for centruries. As a result of people studying visual perception for such a lengthy amount of time, ground breaking researches have been conducted by many observers like Emil Emmert. In1881 it was found by Emil Emmert that an objects size afterimage seems to vary in size based on whether it is positioned close or farther away. When near by the object looks small. And the farther away it gets, the size of the object becomes noticeably larger. It’s perceived size is thought to be fixed on the retina and as it increases the perceived distance is also thought to increase consecutively. This

Humans have a unique and wonderful device in how one sees. The eye and brain work together to turn the world into visual data one’s brain can understand and use. There are some eye conditions that inhibit the sight or the recognition of the shapes one sees. Research continues to overcome these conditions as well as to further understand the biochemical reaction that gives humans the sight and understanding one has of visual data. Included in the paper are some of the latest research methods.

Holmes and Collins suggested that to maximise functional equivalence, the physical nature of imagery should closely mirror performance outcomes,

According to Gestalt psychologists people have the tendency to perceive sensory elements as a whole and do not process the smaller parts that they are made up of. The brain works to make sense of chaotic things. It tries to make connection so people can understand what they are seeing. Figure-ground, similarity, proximity, and closure are basic principles of perceptual organization.

Humphreys and Bruce (1989) proposed a model of object recognition that fits a wider context of cognition. According to them, the recognition of objects occurs in a series of stages. First, sensory input is generated, leading to perceptual classification, where the information is compared with previously stored descriptions of objects. Then, the object is recognized and can be semantically classified and subsequently named. This approach is, however, over-simplified. Other theories like Marr and Nishihara’s and Biederman’s

I chose Gestalt Psychology for my first perspective, it is how people experience objects and perceive things as a whole. Gestalt allows us to look at everyday objects and distinguish them from their surroundings. Without the Gestalt Theory people would see every atom that made up a whole object. As I look at my computer screen, I do not see every little atom, I see the screen as a whole. From this perspective, learning objects as a whole instead of each individual part is beneficial because it allows us to open our minds for new learning experiences. However, there may be things in life that do not provide enough visual clues to determine what it is supposed to be.

The ability to perceive lightness is a key component in completing everyday tasks. However, due to the variations in illumination and context, lightness perception theories fail to fully explain lightness perception for all situations. The anchoring theory of lightness perception (Gilchrist et al., 1999) successfully provides a theory that explains the accurate yet systematic inaccuracies of human lightness perception under vast conditions (Murray,2013). These conditions are governed by frameworks, which are groupings of surfaces that belong to each other more or less as determined by 5 factors; Depth, Orientation, Penumbrae, Junctions and Grouping (Gilchrist et al, 1999). However, as anchoring occurs independently within each framework, other theories have been founded which suggest that the human visual system uses the Gestalt laws of perceptual grouping to group regions into factions, known as frameworks, where all regions in the single framework are expected to be illuminated uniformly (Bressan, 2006).

Gestalt psychology is based upon the idea that we experience things as unified wholes. This approach to psychology began in Germany and Austria during the late 19th century in response to the molecular approach of structuralism. Rather that breaking down thoughts and behavior to their smallest element, the gestalt psychologist believed that you must look at the whole of experience. The problem that gestalt theory confronts is that of an extended event, whether an action,

We see things with our eyes through different visual cues this is called “Depth Perception”. “Depth perception is the use of two different types of visual cues to perceive depth, Binocular cues and Monocular cues” (Department of Psychology,2015). “Depth perception lets us view items in three dimensions and the distance of items. We use several cues to perceive the distance (or depth) of the objects from us and from each other” (Department of Psychology,2015). Goldstein (1984) stated that Cues for seeing depth come from binocular disparity, and also from a range of monocular cues such as motion parallax, linear perspective, relative size, interposition, relative height, and texture gradients. (as cited in Laboratory Manual: Psychology 111/112