List out various insulin preparation and briefly explain them. Insulin is a polypeptide hormone that consist of two peptide chains connecting by disulphide bonds. It is synthesized as proinsulin (precursor) that undergoes proteolytic cleavage to form insulin and C-peptide. Its secretion is regulated by four factors, which is blood glucose levels, certain amino acids, other hormones, and autonomic mediators. Increasing in blood glucose is the most often factor that trigger insulin secretion. Insulin preparation are classified as:
• Rapid-acting and short-acting
• Intermediate acting
• Long-acting
• Insulin combination A. Rapid-acting and short-acting insulin preparations Regular insulin, insulin lispro, insulin aspart, and insulin glulisine
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For instance, insulin lispro is different to regular insulin in that the reverse positions of lysine and proline at positions 28 and 29 in the B chain. This modification causes more rapid absorption, a quicker onset, and a shorter duration of action due to decreases in hexameric insulin formation after subcutaneous injection. Peak levels of Insulin lispro has peak levels at 30 to 90 minutes. Insulin aspart and insulin glulisine have similar pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties with insulin lispro. Rapid - or short-acting insulins are provided to mimic the prandial release of insulin during prandial (mealtime) and to control postprandial glucose. They may also be used in cases where swift alteration of elevated glucose to normal is needed. Injection of rapid-acting insulin has been proven to be more effective than regular insulin by which when they are administered pre-meal, having 15-20 minutes onset of action compared to 30 minutes or above respectively. This shorter interval for insulin injection pre-meal is more acceptable for patients and leads to better adherence with prescribed injection timing guidelines. Rapid-acting insulins are commonly used in external insulin pumps and also suitable for IV
The most significant difference between the regular insulin and the rapid acting insulin is the onset. The onset for rapid-acting or lispro is 10-15 minutes, and for the regular it is ½-1 hour.
Insulin heroes was an idea that was conceived in my freshman biomedical sciences class, and was later developed during my junior year in HOSA as part of my group’s medical innovation project. Insulin Heroes was basically lotion that contained insulin. It could be used for Type 1 diabetics who didn’t like needles and would be used instead of an insulin shot.
When food is ingested in a person body it is broken down into smaller components including a sugar called glucose. Glucose travels to the cells in our body through the bloodstream and this is made possible due to insulin. As stated earlier insulin is produced by the beta cells and is stored in the pancreas. When the glucose levels go up in a person’s body the pancreas release the stored insulin in order for the glucose to get into the cells. To summarize insulin is what allows for glucose to produce energy. The cells in our body
Administration of this type is only once or twice a day. It provides a basal insulin level due to its extended release during a time of fasting. The release impairs glucose production in the liver to help maintain a leveled blood glucose reading. Examples of long lasting insulin include insulin glargine and insulin detemir. (2) Different modifications of insulin’s structure results in the slower absorption and longer duration of action. Researchers used this to develop long lasting insulin to help maintain baseline levels in the body. Insulin glargine has a substitution of glycine for asparagine and the addition of two arginine molecules compared to human insulin. These changes are enough to alter the pH of the insulin. When the insulin is injected subcutaneously it precipitates out forming a bolus. The precipitate slows absorption but extends the duration. These properties are essential when trying to obtain a basal level within the body over a long period of time. Glarine usually lasts 24 hours, which means it only has to be injected once daily. Insulin detemir contains a fatty acid side chain which increases its binding to proteins such as albumin. The binding prolongs the action of the insulin but it must still be administered twice a day.
Insulin has been used for diabetes since 1922. “Leonard Thompson, a 14-year-old boy dying from diabetes in a Toronto hospital, became the first person to receive an injection of insulin” (“The History of a Wonderful Thing We Call Insulin” 1). Without insulin, thousands of people with diabetes would die. Insulin is available for people who need it because it was initially tested on animals. Oskar Minkowski and Joseph von Mering removed a pancreas gland from a dog in 1889, and it ended up dying later (“The History of a Wonderful Thing We Call Insulin” 1). Animals like dogs, have hormones in their blood so the experiment worked on them. It wasn’t safe for humans yet (Parry 1). Although putting an animal’s life at risk for medical research might
Insulin is a hormone made naturally in the body by the pancreas. This hormone controls the level of sugar in the blood. People who have type 1 diabetes need to have regular insulin injections. In type 1 diabetes, the body stops making insulin and the blood glucose level goes very high. Some people who have type 2 diabetes may also need to have insulin injections to help control blood sugar
Insulin is a hormone that is produced in the pancreas to regulate the amount of glucose in the blood. The pancreas of an individual suffering from diabetes either does not produce insulin or only produces very little insulin. Before 1922 diabetes was a feared disease with no cure.
Hormones are also a type of proteins and functions as chemical signaling molecules . These proteins are secreted by endocrine cells that act to control or regulate specific physiological processes which include growth development, metabolism, and reproduction. Insulin is a protein hormone secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas and helps to regulate blood glucose levels. In response to insulin, muscle cells, red blood cells and fat cells take glucose in from the blood which ultimately lowers high blood glucose levels back to the normal
This article discusses the topic of medicine and explains how insulin was discovered. Michael Bliss illustrates early on in the process of discovering insulin researchers kept hoping that by injecting people with a portion of pancreas they could cause an improvement in diabetes. In the summer of 1921 Banting and Best experiment “isletin” now known as insulin, was successful, however, James Collip PH.D in biochemistry had purified insulin allowing it to be more consistent and effective. This article is from The Canadian Encyclopedia, which is a credible source because it is professionally edit and fact-checked. The author Michael Bliss also has a PH.D from the University of Toronto and provides factual content that is extremely unbiased. This
You can ignore all the different angles and theories and focus on one thing: controlling insulin. Why is insulin so important? Because it ultimately controls how much fat you can lose.
Insulin is a hormone that helps move sugar, or glucose, into your body's tissues. Cells use it as fuel.
An insulin injection is used to control blood sugar in people who have type 1 or type 2 diabetes when the body lacks insulin production. Type 1 diabetes is when the body does not make insulin and cannot control the amount of sugar in the blood. Type 2 diabetes is when the body cannot produce or use insulin normally to lower the high blood sugar level. Insulin cannot be taken by mouth because it is a protein. The acid in the stomach would digest the insulin. An insulin injection stops the pancreas from producing more sugar and helps move the excess sugar from the blood to other body tissues where they can be used for energy. More than one type of insulin may be injected and is usually injected several times a day. Even though insulin helps
Insulin was first used in the treatment of diabetes to control the level of blood glucose in diabetes mellitus by Frederick Banting and Charles Best in 1922. It became obvious that insulin could be a way to maintain the disease in a quick way. We now know that insulin may be used to control the hyperglycemia of virtually any form of diabetes. Insulin was originally prepared by isolation from animal pancreatic tissue, however, due to the use of recombinant insulin has lower the immunogenicity of commercially available insulin. It is now prepared by recombinant DNA technology with
Insulin is a peptide hormone with the major role of regulation of glucose metabolism in the
Insulin is a hormone in the body that is critical in many of the body’s functions. Insulin is a hormone made up of a small polypeptide protein that is