Types Of Blood Group System

Compare and contrast DNA and RNA. Discuss why humans did not evolve with one central repository of DNA, but rather it is replicated throughout the body?

Transcription starts off inside the cell, specifically where DNA resides, in the nucleus. The process of transcription is then executed by the enzyme, RNA polymerase which then makes mRNA. Here is a summary of the steps; First the RNA polymerase binds to the DNA strand at a specific nucleotide sequence of the gene (promoter). Then it unwinds and unlinks the two strands of DNA. After that it uses one of the DNA strands as a guide or template. Then it matches new nucleotides with their complements on the DNA strand (remember RNA has uracil instead of thymine). Then it binds these new RNA nucleotides together to form a complementary copy of the DNA strand (mRNA). Then it stops when it encounters a termination sequence of nucleotide bases which is the stop codon.

3) Copy: DNA Polymerase joins individual nucleotides with their complementary counterparts to form a new strand of DNA. Replication runs in the 5’ to 3’ direction.

RNA self-replicates by the ribozymes, which provide catalytic reactions on their own nucleotides. Ribozymes can speed up a reaction and the short RNA sequences are eventually connected due to the ribozyme speeding up the reaction. The short sequences of RNA go with the ribozyme. The ribozyme speeds up the entire polymerization of the sequences. The short sequences become one long strand of RNA. The nucleic acid replication evolved by the ribozymes putting together the short sequences of RNA making a large molecule.

there are four major blood types a ,b, ab, or O. The antigens on the surface of a blood cell determines what kind of blood type you have. Antigens are proteins on the surface of blood cells that can cause a response from the immune system. We need to know these blood types so that if we ever needed a blood transfusion, we know what blood type we would need. It matters what blood type you receive when you have a transfusion because if you receive a different blood type that yours it could possibly kill you. All you need is to receive 50 miles or more of the wrong blood type and you could die. , but there is an exception for some blood types that can be universal. For example, blood type O, can be given to anyone because blood type O has no

In the transcription, LUC gene in DNA would be the template to let RNA polymerase to make a copy of it. Then the process would make the mRNA which contains the copy of LUC gene.

DNA consists of molecules called nucleotides which contains the glucose group, phosphate group, and nitrogen bases. DNA must go through a complex task called DNA replication to duplicate itself to form two identical DNA molecules. With Rosalind Franklin being a contributor to the understanding of the molecular structures of DNA she has offered researchers and scientist a better insight as to the process. In doing so, she used x-ray diffraction to help researchers today to visualize and observe the DNA

Before Gregor Mendel’s discoveries in the mid 1800’s, most people had no clear idea as to why their children, and grandchildren, looked like them! Most people assumed that because the child was in their family, and created by them, that familiar looking offspring just simply happened. Gregor Mendel put all that guessing to rest. Mendel did experiments on two different colored pea plants. In the first test, he mixed a purple flowered pea plant, and a white flowered pea plant. He let these plants fertilize and have off spring. These two plants were known as the Parent generation (P Generation). The offspring they produced were known as the F1 Generation. The P Generation created an F1 Generation that was all purple pea plants. Mendel then bred a new generation of pea plants ONLY breeding plants with themselves. This new generation was known as the F2 Generation. Within the F2 Generation, the white flowered pea plants began to show back up. The ratio of purple flowered pea plants, to white flowered pea plants was a 3:1 ratio. Mendel also noted that the purple and white color had not been blended; the white color was just purely masked by the purple color in the F1 Generation. Mendel was then able to make conclusions about simple breeding. He called the purple flowers dominant, because they were more frequent than the white flowers. He called the white flowers recessive, because they were less frequent than the purple flowers. Therefore he concluded that the purple flowers were

Little did I know before this project that bacteria had DNA nor did I know that the DNA inside the bacteria was able to be changed. Most of the time bacteria is changed through genetic engineering processes. These processes allow bacteria to do many different things like duplicate quicker or even sometimes make them antibiotic resistant to things such as penicillin. There are also benefits and danger of changing the bacteria inside DNA. Remember before ever considering to do this, consider the benefits and risks of the procedures.

According to Postlethwait and Hopson (2011), DNA is composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and a base: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), or thymine (T). The complementary base pairing refers to the bases of A and T pairing together and the bases of C and G pairing together since those pairs fit together properly connected by hydrogen bonds, hence the name “complementary”. Khan Academy depicts two hydrogen bonds between A and T while there are three hydrogen bonds between C and G (Khan Academy). During replication, the complementary base pairing allows each base to correctly pair to its’ complementary base to create a new strand identical to the original strand (Postlethwait and Hopson, 2011, p. 109).

As stated before, identical twins come from the same zygote which causes them to have the same genotype. Their genotype is what causes their physical appearance, psychological traits, and more to be the same. However, nurture always affects nature so the phenotype of the identical twins do not necessarily have the exact same phenotype. Each twin usually develops their own identities and personalities which also causes there phenotypes to sometimes be different.

In this paper, Mendel has explained for the first time the pattern of inheritance in an organism. He was wise enough to pinpoint the good genetic systems and hence choose a species, field pea, which is simple to work on. This plant has a short life cycle which helped him to grow many generations in few years. It also produced several seeds which gave him the freedom to see the different combinations in his experiments. The self-pollinating nature

Two scientists, Max and Gunther, proposed a paper with three different methods of DNA replication. First they explained semi-conservative replication, which is a daughter strand that contains one strand from the parent and the other is newly formed. The second was conservative replication which theorized a new double helix strand being created in the first generation. Third they described dispersive DNA replication where both a new and old strand break and separate. It was known that DNA can be copied; but scientists could not understand which of these methods took place. Watson and Crick wrote an article about DNA replication and how it would separate forming two chains as semi-conservative replication. The two scientists, Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl, discussed a method to test this theory of semi-conservative replication.

When DNA replicates or its transcribed into RNA can cause changes in the sequence of bases which makes up the genetic code. Know that a set of three bases in a gene in DNA codes for a particular amino acid.

The process of DNA replication plays a crucial role in providing genetic continuity from one generation to the next. Knowledge of the structure of DNA began with the discovery of nucleic acids in 1869. In 1952, an accurate model of the DNA molecule was presented, thanks to the work of Rosalind Franklin, James Watson, and Francis Crick. To reproduce, a cell must copy and transmit its genetic information (DNA) to all of its progeny. To do so, DNA replicates following the process of semi-conservative replication. Two strands of DNA are obtained from one, having produced two daughter molecules that are identical to one another and to the parent molecule. This essay reviews the three stages