Validity: Critical Thinking About A Research Project

This chapter covers the background and rationale, statement of the opportunity, purpose, research questions, nature of the study, definition of key terms, the significance of the study, assumptions, and limitations. It also covers the scope, worldview and theoretical foundation depicting the logical path of the research study.

1. A Likert scale (/ˈlɪkərt/[1]) is a psychometric scale commonly involved in research that employs questionnaires. It is the most widely used approach to scaling responses in survey research, such that the term is often used interchangeably with rating scale, or more accurately the Likert-type scale. One of the most common scale types is a Likert scale. A Likert scale is commonly used to measure attitudes, knowledge, perceptions, values, and behavioral changes. A Likert-type scale involves a series of statements that respondents may choose from in order to rate their responses to evaluative questions

Validity refers to whether the research conducted is what it intended to be. Validity involves dependability, which means, a valid measure must be reliable. But, reliability doesn’t have to link to validity, a reliable measure is not required to be valid.

In this assignment students are required to clearly state and introduce their research topic, indicates clearly the two variables of interest, and present the theoretical framework with key variables. The task is also requesting that learners explained the following components linked to their selected subject: the background of the problem, the need for study, and provide the educational and practical significances of the proposed research.

The second level of measurement is the ordinal level. Attributes or data can be ranked or put in order. Even though this measurement provides ranking. It can’t precisely determine the difference between the measurements. Observation are simply based on a scale from low to high. If I wanted to determined riders attitude towards airline travel.

Clearly states the research objectives and the intended methods of research based on the identified key area/s of research. Explain why the proposed methods of research are suitable for the research to be conducted.

It is important to mention at this stage that a research study presented by a researcher may not give complete information about the selected topic. There can be certain limitations of methodology and the new researchers may criticise it for being incomplete. As research is a circular process in which ideas can be added and extracted by researchers anytime, the application of the presented ideas by one researcher are tested and verified.

According to Edmondson, Edwards, and Boyer (2012), there are four steps to compose a likert scale: generating the items, assigning ratings to items, selecting the items, and administering the final scale. The rating step requires judges to give a specific value on a scale from 1 to 5 according the relevance of the item to subject researched. Also, noted by Edmondson, Edwards, and Boyer (2012), the number of scale points have been modified from the originally 5 introduced by Likert, R.

In the quantitative research filed, they are four criteria that need to consider: internal validity, external validity, measurement validity and measurement reliability. In this paper, I will point out the strengths and the limitations of each section base on the two studies.

Before conducting a statistical analysis, every researcher needs to measure the depended variable. The measurement depends on the type of variable. Different types are measured differently. So, the researcher has to decide on the appropriate scale of measurement. There are typically four levels of measurement: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio.

Research is important in our society since it contributes to the development of the world we live in. Research is completed to solve real-world problems related to why people think, feel and behave a certain way and to confirm and establish facts, reaffirm previous work, solve new or existing issues, and to support or develop new theories (Creswell, 2009). The research should be significant, relevant, and of interest to those working and studying in the field. A systematic approach using a research method that provides accurate, reliable, and selective critical use of data is necessary for conducting a good research. A good research supports or challenges existing theory.

In a research project the researcher is either provided with a research idea by an organization/university or he/she has to generate it by himself/herself. In both cases defining the research question is of major importance for the success of the research project. In this short overview we focus on the significance of research questions when one has to generate the idea and topic of a research project individually. The goal of this short paper is to show, why a clear research question is important for successful research and for a

Hypotheses or questions are aligned with the problem or research goal, clearly measurable in the context of the study’s intentions and scope, and well stated.

Clarification of the theoretical model development has been provided in this section; presenting the research design that could be applied to carry out the empirical research for present research is the aim of research methodology. broader presumption of a study is connected to its detailed methods of data collection, analyses and interpretation through research design (Bag & Anand, 2014).

In the Northcentral University’s (NCU) concept paper template, in the introduction part, it contains of (a) the presentation, (b) the issues’ statement, (c) the motivation behind the study, (d) the research inquiries, and (e) the speculations (Concept Paper: Template (CPT), 2013). While the presentation and the issue explanation do no consider the examination outline, the once more, (a) the reason proclamation, (b) the research inquiries, and (d) the theories do (CPT, 2013). The key’s meaning terms portion is included the exceptional terms (or words), which it has no subsections. This part could suggest that the examination plan dependent upon whether there are terms (or definitions) with respect to the configuration that must be lit up. The brief survey of the literature will have the same number of points and subjects as it is critical to ground the study. The literature review doesn’t a direct reference to the examination plan, yet rather it may join the data on the fitting studies that bear on the present subject. The research technique portion addresses the examination plan accurately, and it involves (a) the presentation of the proposed research strategy, (b) the conspicuous of the operational meanings of the variables, (c) the system for the estimation, and (d) the synopsis (or the summary). The reference portion of the concept paper doesn’t direct the reference outline, yet it will consolidate the articles alluded in the best possible areas that