Wireless Sensor Network For Subsurface Infrastructure Monitoring

This antenna is designed on FR-4 substrate. It has dielectric constant 4.4 and thickness 1.6 mm. copper material is used for ground plane and patch. We provided microstrip line feeding to this antenna.

Abstract—Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is basically a wireless network in which sensor nodes are distributed in any environment condition, to collect the data or information such as temperature, pressure, wind, sea level etc. and accordingly data or information will be passed to the main location. Reliable Trust and Reputation of a node stands for the measure of trust over a certain period of time which can be useful to evaluate the risk of attack from that particular node. We have combined all these parameters in order to risk of attack from a particular node.

In high-performance spacecraft, satellite and aircraft, where low size, low weight, moderate cost, ease of installation are constraints, low profile antenna may be required. To meet these requirements, microstrip antennas can be used [1], [18]. Microstrip antenna technology has been the most rapidly developing topic in the antenna field in the last fifteen years, receiving the creative attentions of academic, industrial, and government engineers and researches throughout the world.

Abstract: Security is always a main task to be performed in any network. Wireless Sensor Network are different from other networks.Hierarchical Routing Protocol are the best energy saving and efficient rout wireless sensor networks. Our Objective is to Provide End to End Confidentiality in LEACH and Performance measurement of leach protocol for various homomorphic encryptions. Leach is a very secure Protocol as cluster head changes in each round but sometimes data needs to be very confidential of some nodes to Base station. So the best technique used for providing this is Homomorphic Encryption.Our Objective is to apply Multiplicative Homomorphic Encryption in LEACH.So that need of decrypting data at cluster head is removed.

Developments in micro electro mechanical systems (MEMS) and wireless networks are opening a new domain in networking history. Sensors; often called "smart dust" are low cost small tiny devices with limited coverage, low power, smaller memory sizes and low bandwidth, will play a key role in collecting and disseminating data from the fields where ordinary networks are unreachable for various environmental and strategical reasons.

heterogeneous scheme in which all sensor nodes have a different amount of energy as each node is assigned with various task [20] such as SEP[21], DEEC[22]. In this paper, we propose and analyze a novel cluster head selection scheme based on the deployment of nodes in different regions for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks (HWSNs) which is named as RBETSSEP.

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consists of a large number of low cost sensor nodes depolyed in parking area. These sensor nodes form a multi-hop ad-hoc network by wireless commnunication.

Wireless sensor networks typically consist of a large number of sensor nodes with limited onboard battery resources which are difficult to recharge or replace. Thus the reduction of energy consumption for end-to-end data rate and maximization of network lifetime have become chief research concern. In recent years, many techniques have been proposed for improving the energy efficiency in wireless sensor networks. Among these techniques, V-MIMO technique has been considered as one of the effective ways to save energy. In WSN a node has two communication related energy consuming roles, one role is to serve as a packet generating source node (SN), and the other role is to relay packets for the other nodes, which are both energy consuming operations. This is why the energy minimization is required to extend the lifetime of the WSN.

The ideal wireless sensor is networked and scalable, consumes very little power, is smart and software programmable, efficient for fast data acquisition, reliable and accurate over the long term, costs little to purchase and install, and requires no real maintenance.

The need to continuously monitoring physical phenomena has leads to many advances in sensing, computing and communication technologies. And a new technology evolves which is known as Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Wireless Sensor Networks are a new kind of distributed systems that are an integral part of the physical space they inhabit. The massive growth in this technology has gathered the heed and imagination of many researchers, providing a broad spectrum of ideas to be implemented in various applications [2].

Security issues: Most of the dangers and attacks against security in wireless networks are verging on like their wired

Wireless sensor nodes are an emerging key technology of 21 'st century. In wireless sensor nodes network, the most important problem is of ENERGY EFFICIENCY. The power consumption of nodes determines the lifetime of wsn, thus design of low-power node is very important. The vital part where large power savings could be made is in nodal communication. Various techniques have been proposed regarding low power communication and short network latency. One of them is the low power wake-up receiver for monitoring the channel. It this recent proposal, there has been many works published. In this report work, the focus is study and comparison of architectures for a low power wake-up receiver.

A mobile wireless sensor network, shortly WMSN, can be defined as a wireless network of a sensor nodes that are mobile. Motivation behind a mobile wireless sensor network is to capture real world data and convert them so it can be transferred, processed, stored and later studied or analyzed (Guo, 2014). The MWSN is usually a combination of two or more technologies such as mobility, wireless connectivity and the ability to gather local information. The mobile wireless sensor network is usually deployment of a large number of small, inexpensive, self-powered nodes and receiving station (Kumbhare, Rangaree, & Asutkar, 2016). These MWSN can be effectively used for civil and military purposes.

From the past few years wireless sensor networks (WSN’s) have gained global attention. It is a promising technology that has been extensively used in various critical and long-lasting applications.

In this work, The field of wireless sensor systems have turned into a concentration of serious research as of late, particularly to monitor and describing of expansive physical situations, and for following different ecological or physical conditions, for example, temperature, weight, wind and dampness. Wireless Sensor systems can be utilized as a part of numerous applications, for example, untamed life observing, military target following and investigation, risky situation investigation, and tragic event alleviation. The immense measure of detected information of course ordering them turns into a basic assignment in a large portion of these applications.