Women Experiencing Gestational Diabetes Are At Higher Risk For Spontaneous Preterm Birth

birth to a baby weighing more than nine pounds you are at a great risk of type 2 diabetes.

Hypothesis: Researchers on the Metformin in Obese non-diabetic Pregnant Women trial hypothesized that Metformin, as compared with a placebo, would be associated with a lower median neonatal birth-weight z score when administered to pregnant women without diabetes who had a body-mass index of more than 35.

This study looks at the effects of incorporating behavioral intervention as a preventative approach to minimizing weight gain during pregnancy. The main purpose of this particular intervention was to prospectively influence the health of the newborn, and examine how the behavioral intervention could possibly effect birth weight, the infant’s body composition and also effect the risk of the infant becoming overweight.

Pregnancy in Overweight and Obese Women Which Is Maintained Post-partum." Obesity Research & Clinical Practice (2012): 84. Print.

This is a condition where the mother develops diabetes (mainly seen as high blood sugar) during pregnancy.She may not have been diabetic before pregnancy and the condition usually abates during pregnancy. According to the Center for disease Control and Prevention (CDC), gestational diabetes affects up to 1 out of 10 pregnant women in the US. In a recent review, up to 13.9% of Pregnant Nigerian women in Urban places were found to have diabetes. Most of them had risk factors which accounted for the high prevalence.

According to the case study of sixteen years old Anna who is living with her single mother and two brothers is typical with most families living in low income neighborhood. Anna is not living a physically active life that contributes to her being obese. The causes of low birth weight infants are as a result of genetic background of the mother and the baby, age of the mother, the nutritional status of the mother, access to prenatal care, smoking, alcohol and drug intake, multiple births.

categories based on the Institute on Medicine Pre-pregnancy BMI criteria. The first wave of data

However, given that the purpose of this systematic-style review is to identify whether there is any difference between women who have undergone BS and BMI-matched controls and/or between the same women before and after BS, part of the data discussed in some of the studies was not used for data extraction and analysis. More specifically, the study by Patel et al., (2008) includes data on 3 control groups, including non-obese women, obese and severely obese. However, for the purpose of this review data from the non-obese women was omitted. Similarly, the paper by Santulli et al., (2010) also includes data for 120 women with no BS and normal BMI, information which was not included in this analysis. Finally, Amsalem et al., (2013) compared 109 deliveries of women before BS with 218 deliveries of the same women after BS (control group A: 109 first deliveries following BS and control group B: 109 second deliveries). However, in the present review and meta-analysis, only data from group A was used as the aim is to compare the effect of BS on maternal and neonatal outcomes and not the effect of 2 consecutive pregnancies following BS for these

All expecting mothers will be tested for gestational diabetes during their pregnancy. Expecting mothers who are over the age of 25, over weight, or have a family history of diabetes may be tested earlier and more frequently. This condition can be prevented by exercise and diet before conceiving and during pregnancy, self-monitoring is also effective. If gestational diabetes is diagnosed the non-treated effects for the mother and fetus can include large birth weight of the baby and a possible premature delivery. Other effects can increase the chances of a cesarean delivery and in rare cases neonatal death. With proper treatment and care from you and your health care provider you can have a healthy baby and result in no diabetes in the

Epidemiological and animal studies have shown a relationship between poor fetal growth with the subsequent development of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome (Ravelli et al. 1976; Hales & Ozanne 2003; Painter et al. 2008; Pembrey 2010). Such developmental programming has been explained by the “thrifty phenotype” hypothesis, which proposes that poor fetal nutrition can result in reprogramming of the fetus, which allows the offspring to maximize the body's capacity for energy storage under conditions of poor nutrition once out of the womb. However, this phenotype would be detrimental under conditions where normal or excessive nutrition are present and would thus promote obesity (Hales & Ozanne 2003).

(16) a baby's birth-weight is dependent on sufficient nutrition throughout gestation, newer studies suggest under-nutrition causes compensatory growth, which preserves full growth of some tissues and sacrifice others. This leads to programming and altered gene expression affecting metabolism and physiological settings. The systems which have been observed to be affected by programming in adulthood include the immune system, neuro-endocrine settings and stem cell quality increasing risk of diabetes type 2, hypertension and heart disease.

As you know, when pregnant women receive prenatal care late in their pregnancy or do not receive prenatal care at all during pregnancy, they are at higher risk for having a baby with low birth weight or giving birth prematurely. They are also at higher risk for pregnancy related mortality and birth complications.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a type of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy and caused by insulin resistance in the body. Risk factors of GDM include maternal age, ethnicity, family history, BMI, and deficiency of vitamin D. To be diagnosed with GDM, a woman must go through two screenings tests called the glucose challenge test and glucose tolerance test with high blood glucose results. Proper management such as a healthy diet, physical activity, and medications are needed to prevent complications for the mom and newborn. Complications include fetal macrosomia, preterm labor, hypoglycemia, and a high risk for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the future. It is exceptionally necessary for healthcare professionals to educate their patients to prevent an increase in the number of cases of GDM and to further prepare the patients on what to expect if they are diagnosed with GDM in the future and to avoid any negative emotions.

Maternal obesity is a high predictor of adverse health issues affecting babies. Maternal obesity can cause other dangerous issues, such as inflammation, which can increase the presence of poor neurodevelopmental outcomes in the infant (Reynolds et al. 2014). In this study investigated maternal obesity and neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants. There were 62 mother/infants had their BMI taken, and the infants had developmental testing for Autism at the age of 2 (Reynolds et al. 2014). The infants that were chosen had to be born less than 30 weeks gestational age and free of any congenital anomalies. This occurred 72 hours after birth. At the age of 2, the children’s brain was tested for size, damage, developmental process, and function (Reynolds et al. 2014). There was an association between maternal obesity and a higher risk of positive screening for Autism characteristics. Fat (obesity) has the chance to cause health issues, such as inflammation and gestational diabetes. The added stress of fat on the mother will affect the development of the child. In Figure 5, the risk of Autism through maternal cohort characteristics from 2007-2010 (Reynolds et al.

Most scientists carry out several experiments to confirm the theory. A paper titled “Maternal obesity and pregnancy outcome” has been published by NJ Sebire, M Jolly, JP Harris, J Wadsworth, M Joffe, RW Beard, L Regan and S Robinson. It has been theorized that obesity can affect the outcomes of pregnancy. Although, there are studies regarding the same topic, it lacks accurate quantification. The purpose of this study is to fill the research gap and test the theory of adverse outcomes for mother and baby are closely related to obesity which measured using body mass index (BMI ). The author clearly stated the purpose of the article and most of the findings will be associated with